Neuroscience of Swallowing: Strategies in Rehabilitation

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Motor Systems ◽  
Input Enhancement ◽  
Laryngeal Nerves

Abstract The development of strategies to rehabilitate patients with dysphagia depends on an understanding of both the underlying neuroscientific principles that control normal swallowing and how a damaged central nervous system can respond. Strategies can incorporate the sensory and motor systems, as well as use the plasticity of the cortex and neuromuscular system. Treating dysphagia could involve stimulating the sensory system more often through the two primary nerves involved with swallowing, the glossopharyngeal and superior laryngeal nerves, as well as by enhancing the trigeminal sensory input. Enhancement of the motor system can occur by using muscles in special exercises or by electrically stimulating the target muscles directly. The cortex can be modified by increased sensory input, which will adapt the sensorimotor cortex. In addition, techniques of directly stimulating the cortex hold promise for rehabilitation.

Studies in Embryonic and Larval Development in Amphibia

Development ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-145
Author(s):  
Arthur Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Larval Development ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Basal Plate ◽  
Nerve Process ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Embryonic And Larval Development ◽  
Developing Nervous System

In 1913 G. E. Coghill initiated a series of papers on the neuro-embryology of the Urodele Ambystoma with a description of the earliest stages of the motor system of the trunk (Coghill, 1913). His main conclusion is stated early in the paper in these words: The neurones … which establish the earliest contact with the cells of the myotome are found in Amblystoma to be at the same time the neurones of the motor tract in the central nervous system. The primary ventral root fibre is a collateral of the tract cell. (Coghill, 1913, p. 121.) Thirteen years later, among a group of other papers on the developing nervous system of Ambystoma, he returned to this theme, and in a series of examples described the form of the first nerve process within the basal plate of the cord.

Serotonin Syndrome

2019 ◽  
pp. 467-471
Author(s):  
Kevin T. Gobeske ◽  
Eelco F. M. Wijdicks
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Serotonin Syndrome ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Serotonin Toxicity

Serotonin syndrome affects the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the neuromuscular system and can have acute and potentially life-threatening manifestations. By definition, serotonin syndrome is associated with changes in serotonin exposure and thus might be described more accurately as serotonergic excess or serotonin toxicity. The central nervous system effects of serotonin involve regulation of attention, arousal, mood, learning, appetite, and temperature.

Neuronal control of walking: studies on insects

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Büschges ◽  
Joachim Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Central Pattern Generators ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Neuronal Control ◽  
Pattern Generators ◽  
Leg Movements

AbstractThe control of walking in insects is to a substantial amount a function of neuronal networks in the thoracic ganglia. While descending signals from head ganglia provide general commands such as for walking direction and velocity, it is the thoracic central nervous system that controls movements of individual joints and legs. The coordination pattern of legs is velocity dependent. However, a clear stereotypic coordination pattern appears only at high velocities. In accordance with the unit burst oscillator concept, oscillatory networks (central pattern generators (CPGs)) interlocked with movement and load sensors control the timing and amplitude of joint movements. For a leg’s movements different joint CPGs of a leg are mainly coupled by proprioceptors. Differential processing of proprioceptive signals allows a task specific modulation of leg movements, for example, for changing movement direction. A switch between walking and searching movements of a leg is under local control. When stepping into a gap missing sensory input and the activation of a local command neuron evokes stereotypic searching movements of the leg.

Planning and execution of multijoint movements

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Computational Complexity ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Arm Movements ◽  
Neuromuscular System ◽  
External Space ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Multijoint Movements

This paper reviews some recent studies related to the generation of simple multijoint arm movements. Two principal issues are considered. The first concern is how movements are represented internally by the central nervous system. There are many possible sets of coordinates that could be used to represent arm movements. Two of the possibilities are reviewed: representation in terms of joint angular motions versus representation in terms of motions of the hand in external space coordinates. A second concern is the transformation from intention to action: how is an internal representation of motion expressed by the neuromuscular system? The computational complexity of this problem is reviewed. A way in which the mechanics of the neuromuscular system could be exploited to simplify this problem is discussed.

scholarly journals Mechanical loading of a long bone induces plasticity in sensory input to the central nervous system

2009 ◽  
Vol 463 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Wu ◽  
Susannah J. Sample ◽  
Theresa A. Baker ◽  
Cathy F. Thomas ◽  
Mary Behan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mechanical Loading ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Long Bone ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Plasticity in the Human Motor System

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Motor System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Central Nervous System Damage ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Recovery Of Motor Function

Abstract It is well recognized that the number and effectiveness of synapses in the adult brain changes in response to learning and that similar processes contribute to the restoration of function after central nervous system damage. It is possible to use non-invasive methods of brain stimulation in humans (transcranial magnetic stimulation, TMS; or transcranial direct current stimulation, TDCS) to study and even manipulate these processes. Initial studies now are underway to test whether modification of synaptic plasticity by neurostimulation can improve recovery of motor function in patients after stroke.

AIRFLOW SENSORS IN THE AVIAN WING

1993 ◽  
Vol 179 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Brown ◽  
M. R. Fedde
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Separation Point ◽  
Discharge Frequency ◽  
Airflow Velocity ◽  
Discharge Characteristics ◽  
Distal Half ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulation Of

Mechanoreceptors on or near feather follicles in the wings of birds may provide information about airflow over the wing. We studied discharge characteristics of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors associated with propatagial covert feathers, slowly adapting receptors within the alular joint and vibration-sensitive receptors of filoplume follicles attached to the follicles of secondary flight feathers during manual feather movements and during airflow over the wing. Dorsal elevation of covert feathers produced an increase in discharge frequency related to the angle of elevation. Extension of the alula produced an increase in discharge frequency related to the angle of extension. Stimulation of receptors located on the distal half of the follicles of secondary flight feathers by airflow over the wing produced a continuous discharge whose frequency correlated with airflow velocity. There is thus abundant sensory input from the wing to the central nervous system. We conclude that birds have the necessary sensor-feather mechanisms in the wing (1) to detect an imminent stall and the location of the separation point of the airflow from the wing's surface, and (2) to measure airspeed by detecting the frequency of vibration of the secondary flight feathers.

The significance of palpation by the maxillary palps of Locusta migratoria (L): an electrophysiological and behavioural study

1975 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 701-712
Author(s):  
W. M. Blaney ◽  
A. M. Duckett
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Input ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Behavioural Study ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Maxillary Palps

Palpation increases the amount of sensory input reaching the central nervous system compared with that obtained from sustained contact but that increase is not essential to allow discrimination. During a meal on favoured food, phagostimulatory input from the palps is not needed to drive feeding. When less favoured food is taken, phagostimulatory input from the palps may enhance feeding. Even with favoured food, the palps are important in registering inhibitory substances.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document