Teratogenic effects of diazepam in the hamster

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra M. Shah ◽  
David Donaldson ◽  
David Burdett
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Limb Anomalies ◽  
Intravenous Treatment ◽  
Intravenous Diazepam ◽  
Different Doses

Pregnant hamsters were treated with different doses of oral and intravenous diazepam during the period of organogenesis. Teratogenic effects of diazepam were observed following oral treatment on days 8 and 10 and following intravenous treatment on day 11 of gestation. Types of malformations included cleft palate, exencephaly, limb anomalies, and hemorrhage. A dose–effect relationship was not observed. Comparison with reported literature seems to indicate that diazepam may be a mild teratogen in some species.

The effects of nitrous oxide on the developing hamster embryos

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 1229-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravindra M. Shah ◽  
David N. Burdett ◽  
David Donaldson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Limb Defects ◽  
Effect Relationship

Pregnant hamsters were exposed to different concentrations of nitrous oxide during the period of organogenesis. Teratogenic effects were observed in a small but significant number of fetuses. Types of malformations included cleft palate, limb defects, gut herniation, and fetal edema. A dose–effect relationship was not observed. It is not clear from our observations whether the observed effect on the fetuses was due to the excess of nitrous oxide, hypoxia, or a combination of both. Comparison with published literature indicates that further studies on the effects of nitrous oxide in placental animals are needed.

The teratogenic effects of hydrocortisone on palatal development in the hamster

Development ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Ravindra M. Shah ◽  
Anthony A. Travill
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Teratogenic Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Palatal Development ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Hydrocortisone Treatment

The effect of different doses of hydrocortisone, administered at various times during gestation, on the fetal hamster and its palatal development was studied. Both the frequency of cleft palate and that of resorption depended upon the dose of hydrocortisone and the time of its administration. Two peaks in the incidence of cleft palate were observed, which appeared to be due to inhibition of different events. Incidence of morphologically different types of cleft palate was related to the doses and gestational time of hydrocortisone treatment. A close association was observed between the frequency of cleft palate and fetal growth retardation and between the latter and the dose and time of drug administration. It was suggested that maternal physiology and the placental barrier may play a crucial role in cleft palate induction.

The intravenous to oral switch of taxanes: strategies and current clinical developments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit AC Vermunt ◽  
Andries M Bergman ◽  
Eric van der Putten ◽  
Jos H Beijnen
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Hospital Care ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Chemotherapy Treatment ◽  
Intravenous Treatment ◽  
Improve Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Oral Switch ◽  
Tumor Types ◽  
Improve Cost

The taxanes paclitaxel, docetaxel and cabazitaxel are important anticancer agents that are widely used as intravenous treatment for several solid tumor types. Switching from intravenous to oral treatment can be more convenient for patients, improve cost–effectiveness and reduce the demands of chemotherapy treatment on hospital care. However, oral treatment with taxanes is challenging because of pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors that lead to low oral bioavailability. This review summarizes the current clinical developments in oral taxane treatment. Intravenous parent drugs, strategies in the oral switch, individual agents in clinical trials, challenges and further perspectives on treatment with oral taxanes are subsequently discussed.

Exogenous creatine delays anoxic depolarization and protects from hypoxic damage: dose–effect relationship

1999 ◽  
Vol 816 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Balestrino ◽  
Renata Rebaudo ◽  
Gianluigi Lunardi
Keyword(s):  
Dose Effect ◽  
Damage Dose ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Anoxic Depolarization

Clinically derived dose–effect relationship for hyperthermia given in combination with low-dose radiotherapy

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (697) ◽  
pp. 81-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van der Zee ◽  
G. C. van Rhoon ◽  
J. L. Wike-Hooley ◽  
H. S. Reinhold
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Low Dose Radiotherapy

Clinical Strategy for Optimal Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Herbal Dose Selection in Disease Therapeutics: Expert Consensus on Classic TCM Herbal Formula Dose Conversion

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (08) ◽  
pp. 1515-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin-Hua Zha ◽  
Li-Sha He ◽  
Feng-Mei Lian ◽  
Zhong Zhen ◽  
Hang-Yu Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Expert Consensus ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Herbal Formula ◽  
Dose Selection ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Weight Measurement ◽  
Relationship Of

The clinical therapeutics of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) constitutes a complicated process which involves theory, diagnosis, and formula prescription with specific herbal dosage. Zhang Zhong-Jing’s classic work, Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases, has been influencing TCM practice for almost 2000 years. However, during this extended period of time in Chinese history, the Chinese weight measurement system experienced noticeable changes. This change in the weight measurement system inevitably, and perhaps even negatively, affected TCM herbal dosage determination and treatment outcome. Thus, in modern society, a full understanding of the accuracy of herbal dose selection has a critical importance in the TCM daily practice of delivering the best treatment to the patients suffering from different illnesses. In the 973 Project of the Chinese National Basic Research Program, expert consensus on classic TCM formula dose conversion has been reached based on extensive literature review and discussion on the dose–effect relationship of classic TCM formulas. One “liang” (两) in classic TCM formulas is equivalent to 13.8[Formula: see text]g. However, based on many TCM basic and clinical studies of variable herbal formula prescriptions and herbal drug preparations, the rule of one liang equals 13.8[Formula: see text]g should be adjusted according to different disease conditions. Recommended by the committee on TCM formula dose–effect relationship of the China Association of Chinese Medicine and the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies, the following expert consensus has been reached: (i) One liang converts to 6–9[Formula: see text]g for the severely and critically ill patients. (ii) One liang converts to 3–6[Formula: see text]g for the patients suffering from chronic diseases. (iii) One liang converts to 1–3[Formula: see text]g in preventive medicine. The above conversions should be used as a future TCM practice guideline. Using this recommended guideline should enhance the effectiveness of daily TCM practice.

Dose–effect relationship in children's psychotherapy services.

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Salzer ◽  
Leonard Bickman ◽  
E. Warren Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Dose Effect ◽  
Effect Relationship ◽  
Children's Psychotherapy ◽  
Psychotherapy Services
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