Maternal dietary deficiency and its effect on the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins. "Effect of exchanging the young, during the lactation period, between the control and undernourished female rats"

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tapas Goswami ◽  
Uma Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Dietary Deficiency

The effect of maternal dietary deficiency on the metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins was studied by exchanging the pups of control and undernourished dams during the lactation period. In the pups of control dams fostered by undernourished dams during the lactation period (E3), it was observed that the body and organ weight, and RNA, DNA, and protein content failed to increase normally. Contrary to this, the free leucine and nucleotide contents were higher and their specific activities lower in the plasma and various organs of the E3 group as compared with the control group.Specific activity of protein was higher in the liver, brain, kidney, and lung, and was lower in the spleen and heart of the E3 group as compared with the control group. Specific activity of RNA was higher in the liver, spleen, and lung, and was lower in the brain, kidney, and heart of the E3 group as compared with the control group.In the pups of undernourished dams fostered by the control dams during the lactation period (E1), the body and organ weights, the RNA, DNA, and protein content, the content of free leucine and nucleotides as well as their specific activities, and the specific activity of protein and RNA were partially or completely restored. However, the DNA content of the brain remained unchanged in comparison with those pups of undernourished dams nursed by their own mother (E2). In the brain, kidney, spleen, and lung of the E1 group, the specific activity of RNA increased considerably and even exceeded the control values.The radioactivity results discussed above clearly demonstrate an accelerated metabolism of protein and RNA in the various organs of the E3 group and a partial or complete normalization in the E1 group.

scholarly journals Effect of cadmium on the floor of the mouth on rats during lactation

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Cristina Picoli ◽  
Ii-Sei Watanabe ◽  
Ruberval Armando Lopes ◽  
Miguel Angel Sala ◽  
Fábio Picoli
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Epithelium ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Floor Of The Mouth

Cadmium (Cd) present in the air, drinking water and food has the potential to affect the health of people, mainly those who live in highly industrialized regions. Cd affects placental function, may cross the placental barrier and directly modify fetal development. It is also excreted into milk. The body is particularly susceptible to Cd exposure during perinatal period. The effect on rat oral epithelium (floor of the mouth) after continuous exposure to drinking water containing low levels of Cd during lactation was studied. Female rats were supplied with ad libitum drinking water containing 300 mg/l of CdCl2 throughout the whole lactation period. Control animals received a similar volume of water without Cd. Lactating rats (21 day-old) were killed by lethal dose of anesthetic. The heads were retrieved, fixed in "alfac" solution (alcohol, acetic acid and formaldehyde) for 24 h, serially sectioned in frontal plane, at the level of the first molars. The 6 µm sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Nuclear epithelium parameters were estimated, as well as cytoplasm and cell volume, nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, numeric and surface densities, and epithelial thickness. Mean body weight was 34.86 g for the control group and 18.56 g for the Cd-treated group. Histologically, the floor of the mouth epithelium was thinner in the treated group, with smaller and more numerous cells. In this experiment, Cd induced epithelial hypotrophy, indicating a direct action in oral mucosa cells, besides retarded development of the pups.

scholarly journals Gut Digestive Function and Microbiome after Correction of Experimental Dysbiosis in Rats by Indigenous Bifidobacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 522
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Gromova ◽  
Elena I. Ermolenko ◽  
Anastasiya L. Sepp ◽  
Yulia V. Dmitrieva ◽  
Anna S. Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
Opportunistic Bacteria ◽  
Dyspeptic Symptoms ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Impaired Motor Function

In recent years, great interest has arisen in the use of autoprobiotics (indigenous bacteria isolated from the organism and introduced into the same organism after growing). This study aimed to evaluate the effects of indigenous bifidobacteria on intestinal microbiota and digestive enzymes in a rat model of antibiotic-associated dysbiosis. Our results showed that indigenous bifidobacteria (the Bf group) accelerate the disappearance of dyspeptic symptoms in rats and prevent an increase in chyme mass in the upper intestine compared to the group without autoprobiotics (the C1 group), but significantly increase the mass of chyme in the colon compared to the C1 group and the control group (healthy animals). In the Bf group in the gut microbiota, the content of opportunistic bacteria (Proteus spp., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) decreased, and the content of some beneficial bacteria (Bifidobacterium spp., Dorea spp., Blautia spp., the genus Ruminococcus, Prevotella, Oscillospira) changed compared to the control group. Unlike the C1 group, in the Bf group there was no decrease in the specific activities of maltase and alkaline phosphatase in the mucosa of the upper intestine, but the specific activity of maltase was decreased in the colon chyme compared to the control and C1 groups. In the Bf group, the specific activity of aminopeptidase N was reduced in the duodenum mucosa and the colon chyme compared to the control group. We concluded that indigenous bifidobacteria can protect the microbiota and intestinal digestive enzymes in the intestine from disorders caused by dysbiosis; however, there may be impaired motor function of the colon.

Morphometry in schizophrenia revisited: height and its relationship to pre-morbid function

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 655-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NOPOULOS ◽  
M. FLAUM ◽  
S. ARNDT ◽  
N. ANDREASEN
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Lower Quartile ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Background. Morphometry, the measurement of forms, is an ancient practice. In particular, schizophrenic somatology was popular early in this century, but has been essentially absent from the literature for over 30 years. More recently, evidence has grown to support the notion that aberrant neurodevelopment may play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Is the body, like the brain, affected by abnormal development in these patients?Methods. To evaluate global deficit in development and its relationship to pre-morbid function, height was compared in a large group (N=226) of male schizophrenics and a group of healthy male controls (N=142) equivalent in parental socio-economic status. Patients in the lower quartile of height were compared to those in the upper quartile of height.Results. The patient group had a mean height of 177·1 cm, which was significantly shorter than the mean height of the control group of 179·4 (P<0·003). Those in the lower quartile had significantly poorer pre-morbid function as measured by: (1) psychosocial adjustment using the pre-morbid adjustment scales for childhood and adolescence/young adulthood, and (2) cognitive function using measures of school performance such as grades and need for special education. In addition, these measures of pre-morbid function correlated significantly with height when analysed using the entire sample.Conclusions. These findings provide further support to the idea that abnormal development may play a key role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, this is manifested as a global deficit in growth and function resulting in smaller stature, poorer social skills, and deficits in cognitive abilities.

scholarly journals Influence of raw or extruded soybean seeds in broiler chicken mixtures on rearing parameters, slaughter value and liver histological image

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Milczarek ◽  
Maria Osek ◽  
Małgorzata Kwiecień ◽  
Magdalena Pachnik
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Histological Image ◽  
Group I

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of feeding broiler chickens with mixtures containing raw or extruded soybean seeds on the performance indices, slaughter value and liver histology of the animals. The research began with an analysis of the chemical composition of selected high protein feeds. A nutritional experiment was then performed on 108 sexed Ross 308 chickens, which were allocated to 3 equal groups (I, II, III). The chickens were reared for 42 days with ad libitum feeding. The birds from the control group (I) received mixtures in which the only high protein component was soybean meal extracted. Extruded soybeans and raw soybeans were fed to chickens in experimental groups II and III, respectively, in quantities that replaced 30% of soybean meal extract protein in the Starter mixture and 50% of this protein in the Grower and Finisher mixtures. During the experiment, the body weight of the birds (BW) and their feed intake (FI) were recorded. At the end of rearing, 12 chicks of body weights representative of their group and sex were slaughtered in each group. The results of the slaughter analysis were used to calculate the percentage of muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat in the carcass. The weights of selected internal organs were also determined, and then their proportion in the chilled carcass weight was determined. In addition, after slaughter, chicken livers were collected to assess the histological image. Raw soybean meal extrusion resulted in an increase in protein content and a decrease in crude fibre by about 10%. Quantities of individual amino acids in the analysed material were proportional to the protein content. The extrusion of full-fat soybean seeds reduced the content of trypsin inhibitors by more than a half (to 9 mg/g), but the least of these compounds (1.2 mg/g) was found in soybean meal extract. The tannin content of extruded soybeans was about one-third of that of extracted meal and less than one-fourth of that of raw soybean. It was shown that the chickens receiving extruded soybeans reached a weight similar to that of the control group, with similar FCRs for individual rearing periods, whereas the use of raw soybean significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased both parameters. In addition, group III had a significantly lower dressing percentage (P ≤ 0.05) and a higher proportion of abdominal fat (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the other groups. The introduction of extruded or raw soybeans into the mixtures increased (P ≤ 0.05) the proportion of total internal organs. The microscopic image revealed that all chickens had a similar, normal histological structure. The results of this study show a beneficial effect of raw soybean extrusion on the nutritional value of soybeans. Extruded soybeans can therefore be recommended as a partial substitute for protein (30% in Starter and 50% in Grower and Finisher) from soybean meal extract in chicken broiler mixtures. Raw soybeans should not be used in the above amounts, mainly because of the clearly worse rearing results....

Unequal Absorption of Radiolabeled and Nonradiolabeled Drug from the Oral Dose Leads to Incorrect Estimates of Drug Absorption and Circulating Metabolites in a Mass Balance Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Ryan H. Takahashi ◽  
Jae H. Chang ◽  
Jodie Pang ◽  
Xiaorong Liang ◽  
Shuguang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Balance Study ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Mass Balance Study

Background: Mass balance studies conducted using radiolabeled material (14C or 3H) definitively characterize the Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion (AME) of a drug. A critical aspect of these studies is that the radiotracer maintains its proportion to total drug from its administration to its complete elimination from the body. In the study of GDC-0276 in beagle dogs, we observed that the 14C radiotracer proportion (specific activity) varied through the study. Method: High resolution-accurate mass spectrometric measurements of 12C and 14C isotopes of GDC- 0276 and its metabolites in plasma and excreta samples were used to determine the apparent specific activities, which were higher than the specific activity of the dosing formulation. Drug concentrations were adjusted to the observed specific activities to correct the readouts for GDC-0276 AME and PK. Results: The enrichment of 14C, which resulted in higher specific activities, was consistent with faster and more extensive absorption of the radiotracer from the dosing formulation. This resulted in overestimating the dose absorbed, the extent of elimination in urine and bile, and the exposures to circulating metabolites. These biases were corrected by the specific activities determined for study samples by mass spectrometry. Conclusion: Assuming that the radiotracer was proportional to total drug throughout a radiolabeled study was not valid in a 14C study in beagle dogs. This presumably resulted from unequal absorption of the radiotracer and nonradiolabeled test articles from the oral dose due to inequivalent solid forms. We were able to provide a more accurate description of the AME of GDC-0276 in dogs by characterizing the differential absorption of the radiotracer.

Effect of exercise duration on feed intake and body composition of Swiss albino mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bulbulian ◽  
K. K. Grunewald ◽  
R. R. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Albino Mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise of varying duration on the body composition, weight, and feed intake of mature Swiss albino mice. Fifty-four male mice were equally divided into a control group and five exercise groups (n = 9) performing 20, 40, 60, 120, and 240 min of daily exercise on a treadmill (7.2 m/min). Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly for 10 wk. At the completion of the study the mice were killed and the animal carcasses were chemically analyzed for fat, dry matter, and protein content. The results of this study demonstrate no differences in the body weight among groups (P less than 0.97) with all groups gaining 4.5–5.8 g during the 10-wk period. However, fat content decreased significantly from 15.7% in the control to 12.0% in the 120- and 240-min exercise groups (P less than 0.05). In contrast, protein content showed an insignificant rising trend from 13.0 to 14.6% with increasing duration of exercise. Feed intake showed a nonsignificant drop during the 20-min exercise treatment and remained unchanged among groups. These data show a slight but variable appetite-suppressing effect of light exercise in mice accompanied by favorable body composition changes even in the absence of differences in body weight. These findings suggest the mouse to be an acceptable experimental model for body composition and exercise studies.

Metabolism of Nucleic Acids and Protein in the Liver, Brain, and Kidney of Female Rats Subjected to Dietary Restriction During the Period of Gestation as well as the Period of Growth, Gestation, and Lactation

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 832-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uma Srivastava ◽  
My-Lien Vu ◽  
Suraj Bhargava ◽  
Tapas Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Cellular Growth ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Diet Restriction ◽  
Organ Growth ◽  
Period Of Gestation ◽  
Number Of Cells

The metabolism of nucleic acids and protein, and. cellular growth, were studied in various organs of female rats subjected to a diet restriction during the period of gestation as well as the period of growth, gestation, and lactation. In general, both body and organ growth were retarded during this restriction, with certain exceptions. For example, only the liver demonstrated a decrease in organ weight when the diet was restricted during the period of gestation only. The number of cells in the various organs decreased in the experimental groups, whereas the cell size was observed to increase. Furthermore it was found that restrictions during the period of growth, gestation, and lactation increased the accumulation of cellular ribonucleic acid and protein content. The metabolism of ribonucleic acid and protein also seemed to have increased significantly.It was concluded that although dietary restriction caused changes in cellular growth, size, and metabolism of various organs these changes were much less marked when the restriction was imposed only during the period of gestation.

scholarly journals The effect of elevated plasma phenylalanine levels on protein synthesis rates in adult rat brain

1994 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
D S Dunlop ◽  
X R Yang ◽  
A Lajtha
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Brain Protein ◽  
Free Amino Acid Pool ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Brain Protein Synthesis ◽  
The Brain

Increasing the plasma phenylalanine concentration to levels as high as 0.560-0.870 mM (over ten times normal levels) had no detectable effect on the rate of brain protein synthesis in adult rats. The average rates for 7-week-old rats were: valine, 0.58 +/- 0.05%/h, phenylalanine, 0.59 +/- 0.06%/h, and tyrosine, 0.60 +/- 0.09%/h, or 0.59 +/- 0.06%/h overall. Synthesis rates calculated on the basis of the specific activity of the tRNA-bound amino acid were slightly lower (4% lower for phenylalanine) than those based on the brain free amino acid pool. Similarly, the specific activities of valine and phenylalanine in microdialysis fluid from striatum were practically the same as those in the brain free amino acid pool. Thus the specific activities of the valine and phenylalanine brain free pools are good measures of the precursor specific activity for protein synthesis. In any event, synthesis rates, whether based on the specific activities of the amino acids in the brain free pool or those bound to tRNA, were unaffected by elevated levels of plasma phenylalanine. Brain protein synthesis rates measured after the administration of quite large doses of phenylalanine (> 1.5 mumol/g) or valine (15 mumol/g) were in agreement (0.62 +/- 0.01 and 0.65 +/- 0.01%/h respectively) with the rates determined with infusions of trace amounts of amino acids. Thus the technique of stabilizing precursor-specific activity, and pushing values in the brain close to those of the plasma, by the administration of large quantities of precursor, appears to be valid.

scholarly journals In vivo tracking of intravenously injected mesenchymal stem cells in an Alzheimer’s animal model

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1209
Author(s):  
Bok-Nam Park ◽  
Tae Sung Lim ◽  
Joon-Kee Yoon ◽  
Young-Sil An
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Indium 111 ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how intravenously injected bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are distributed in the body of an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal model. Methods: Stem cells were collected from bone marrow of mice and labeled with Indium-111 (111In). The 111In-labeled BMSCs were infused intravenously into 3×Tg-AD mice in the AD group and non-transgenic mice (B6129SF2/J) as controls. Biodistribution was evaluated with a gamma counter and gamma camera 24 and 48 h after injecting the stem cells. Results: A gamma count of the brain showed a higher distribution of labeled cells in the AD model than in the control group at 24 (p = .0004) and 48 h (p = .0016) after injection of the BMSCs. Similar results were observed by gamma camera imaging (i.e., brain uptake in the AD model was significantly higher than that in the control group). Among the other organs, uptake by the spleen was the highest in both groups. More BMSCs were found in the lungs of the control group than in those of the AD group. Conclusions: These results suggest that more intravenously infused BMSCs reached the brain in the AD model than in the control group, but the numbers of stem cells reaching the brain was very small.

Biosynthetic growth hormone changes the collagen and elastin contents and biomechanical properties of the rat aorta

1991 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Brüel ◽  
Hans Oxlund
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Collagen Type I ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type I

Abstract The biomechanical and biochemical properties of aortas from female rats treated with biosynthetic human GH (b-hGH) for 80 days were investigated. b-hGH was administered at a dose of 5 mg·kg−1·d−1. Treatment with b-hGH increased the body weight by 75% and the diameter of the aorta by 14% compared with the control group. The concentration of collagen and the relative amount of collagen type I were increased, and the concentration of elastin was decreased. Aortas from the b-hGH-treated group showed increased extensibility in the regions corresponding to physiological load values (i.e. 100-200 mmHg), and increased stiffness in regions with higher load values. The increased extensibility at low load values corresponds well with the loss of elastin, and the increased stiffness at higher load values with the increase of collagen and relative increase of collagen type I. These alterations induced by the growth hormone treatment might influence the elasticity and recoiling properties of the aorta.

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