Evidence for K+ and Cl− Binding Inside Muscle from Diffusion Studies

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Caillé ◽  
J. A. M. Hinke
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Diffusion Data ◽  
Diffusion Studies ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Solutions

Intrafiber diffusion of 42K+, 36Cl−, and 14C-sorbitol was measured along the longitudinal axis of a single muscle fiber which had been placed inside the lumen of a glass capillary at least 24 h beforehand. The mean diffusion coefficients (× 10−5 cm2/s) in myoplasm at 10 °C and at pH 7.5 were 0.728 ± 0.008, 0.683 ± 0.006, and 0.216 ± 0.005 for K+, Cl−, and sorbitol, respectively. The K+ coefficient decreased, the Cl− coefficient increased, and the sorbitol coefficient remained unchanged as the pH of the muscle-capillary preparation was increased. By applying Wang's theory to explain diffusion in polyelectrolyte solutions (1954), we have estimated the diffusible volume (1 − ϕ) and the binding fractions (ƒK and ƒCl) of K+ and Cl− in myoplasm. From pH 5.2 to 10, ƒK varied from 0 to 0.13 and ƒCl varied from 0.13 to 0. Analysis of this K+ diffusion data along with the Na+ diffusion data from an earlier study (Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 50, 228–237, 1972) leads to the prediction that myoplasm at physiological pH has a minimum binding capacity for Na+ and K+ of about 70 mmol/kg dry weight and a selectivity of 3.3 for Na+ over K+. Estimations of the diffusible volume ranged from 0.7 to 0.8, indicating that probably all the intrafiber water (74–78% by weight) is being utilized in the diffusion process.

Evidence for Na Sequestration in muscle from Na Diffusion Measurements

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Caillé ◽  
J. A. M. Hinke
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Self ◽  
Theoretical Curve ◽  
Single Muscle ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Single Muscle Fiber ◽  
Self Diffusion

Intrafiber diffusion of 22Na and 14C-sorbitol was measured along the longitudinal axis of a single muscle fiber which had been placed inside the lumen of a glass capillary at least 24 h beforehand. Compared to their diffusion in 1% agar, the self-diffusion coefficients of 22Na at 10 °C (0.438 × 10−5 cm2/s) and 14C-sorbitol (0.216 × 10−5 cm2/s) were reduced by a factor of 2 when intrafiber pH was 7.5. However, the theoretical and experimental concentration–distance profile curves only matched for 14C-sorbitol but not for 22Na. In the latter case, the experimental curves were consistently higher than the theoretical curve indicating an excess accumulation of 22Na at all x values (axis distance). This Na accumulation was found to be highly dependent on the pH inside the fiber. From pH 10.1 to 5.2, the fraction of excess Na (excess 22Na per total 22Na at a given x) decreased from 0.34 to zero. We interpret this excess Na to be a measure of the amount of myoplasmic Na which is acting as counterion for the fixed negative charge on the contractile filaments.

The Volume Available to Diffusion in the Muscle Fiber

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 814-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Caillé ◽  
J. A. M. Hinke
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
Fiber Volume ◽  
Binding Effect ◽  
Polyelectrolyte Solutions

Intrafiber diffusion of 3HOH, dimethyl-3H-sulfoxide (DMSO), D-14C-sorbitol, and 36Cl was measured along the longitudinal axis of the single muscle fiber (Balanus nubilus) that had been placed inside the lumen of a glass capillary at least 24 h beforehand. When the fiber contained 75% water, the mean self-diffusion coefficients (× 10−5 cm2/s) at 10 °C and at pH 7.5 were 0.908 ± 0.008 for water, 0.418 ± 0.008 for DMSO, 0.216 ± 0.005 for sorbitol, and 0.683 ± 0.006 for chloride. These diffusion coefficients in myoplasm were 0.53–0.58 times the values in pure water. Diffusions of the above were also measured in fibers with reduced water content, as low as 45% by weight. In all cases, the diffusion coefficient decreased in proportion to the reduction in the fiber water. With the aid of Wang's theory for diffusion in polyelectrolyte solutions, we have attempted to separate the "obstruction effect" from the "binding effect", both of which operate to reduce the diffusion coefficient of substances in the myoplasm. Our analysis indicates that the diffusible volume in myoplasm (75% water) for all substances is about 80% of the water volume or 65% of the fiber volume. So-called "bound" water in myoplasm is estimated to be 0.57 g water per gram dry weight.

THE EFFECT OF ALTERATION OF THYROXINE BINDING CAPACITY ON THE DIALYZABLE AND ABSOLUTE FRACTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN CIRCULATION

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Dussault ◽  
D. A. Fisher ◽  
J. T. Nicoloff ◽  
V. V. Row ◽  
R. Volpe
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Thyroxine Binding Globulin ◽  
Serum Thyroxine ◽  
A Value ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Subjects

ABSTRACT In order to determine the effect of alterations in binding capacity of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) on triiodothyronine (T3) metabolism, studies were conducted in 10 patients with idiopathically low (7 subjects) or elevated (3 subjects) TBG levels and 10 subjects given norethandrolone (7 male subjects) or oestrogen (3 female subjects). Measurements of serum thyroxine (T4) concentration, maximal T4 binding capacity, serum T3 concentration and per cent dialyzable T3 were conducted. Serum T3 was measured both by chemical and radioimmunoassay methods. In patients with idiopathically low TBG, the mean serum T4 concentration was low (2.4 μg/100 ml), the mean serum T3 level low (55 ng/100 ml), the mean per cent dialyzable T3 increased (0.52%), and the calculated free T3 concentration normal (186 pg/100 ml). In patients with idiopathically high TBG levels the mean T4 concentration was high (10.3 μg/100 ml), the mean T3 level slightly elevated (127 ng/100 ml), the% dialyzable T3 low (0.10%) and the calculated free T3 concentration low normal (123 pg/100 ml). The correlation coefficient between the per cent dialyzable T3 and maximal TBG binding capacity in the 20 subjects was 0.68, a value significant at the P < 0.01 level. Thus, alterations in binding capacity of TBG seem to influence T3 and T4 metabolism similarly; the inverse relationship between the % of dialyzable hormone and total hormone concentration tends to keep the absolue levels of free hormones stable.

METHODOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HUMAN THYROTROPHIN

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Gordin ◽  
Pirkko Saarinen
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Methodological Study ◽  
Double Antibody ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
Initial Binding ◽  
In Pregnancy

ABSTRACT An account is given of a methodological study of the double-antibody radioimmunoassay of human TSH, using highly purified labelled human TSH as tracer. It was shown that conventional paper electrophoresis was not adequate for studying the purity of labelled human TSH. When polyvinylchloride (Pevikon®) electrophoresis was used, four subfractions could still be separated, even though, on paper electrophoresis, the material seemed to be homogeneous. Only two of the four Pevikon fractions were immunoreactive. Purification of labelled human TSH by Pevikon electrophoresis also improved the sensitivity of the assay. Specific activities of about 100 mCi/mg gave the highest initial binding capacity, produced least damage to the labelled hormone and showed the best stability of the tracer without influencing the sensitivity of the method. In different storage conditions, labelled human TSH was found to be most stable at −20°C and diluted 1/100. Only in pregnancy did the addition of HCG seem necessary. The mean TSH value in healthy subjects was 3.6 ± 1.4 μU/ml (mean±sd) with a range from 1.6 μU/ml to 8.8 μU/ml.

scholarly journals Reconstruction of Diffusion Coefficients and Power Exponents from Single Lagrangian Trajectories

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Leonid M. Ivanov ◽  
Collins A. Collins ◽  
Tetyana Margolina
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Current System ◽  
Mean Square Displacement ◽  
California Current ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
California Current System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Non Gaussian

Using discrete wavelets, a novel technique is developed to estimate turbulent diffusion coefficients and power exponents from single Lagrangian particle trajectories. The technique differs from the classical approach (Davis (1991)’s technique) because averaging over a statistical ensemble of the mean square displacement (<X2>) is replaced by averaging along a single Lagrangian trajectory X(t) = {X(t), Y(t)}. Metzler et al. (2014) have demonstrated that for an ergodic (for example, normal diffusion) flow, the mean square displacement is <X2> = limT→∞τX2(T,s), where τX2 (T, s) = 1/(T − s) ∫0T−s(X(t+Δt) − X(t))2 dt, T and s are observational and lag times but for weak non-ergodic (such as super-diffusion and sub-diffusion) flows <X2> = limT→∞≪τX2(T,s)≫, where ≪…≫ is some additional averaging. Numerical calculations for surface drifters in the Black Sea and isobaric RAFOS floats deployed at mid depths in the California Current system demonstrated that the reconstructed diffusion coefficients were smaller than those calculated by Davis (1991)’s technique. This difference is caused by the choice of the Lagrangian mean. The technique proposed here is applied to the analysis of Lagrangian motions in the Black Sea (horizontal diffusion coefficients varied from 105 to 106 cm2/s) and for the sub-diffusion of two RAFOS floats in the California Current system where power exponents varied from 0.65 to 0.72. RAFOS float motions were found to be strongly non-ergodic and non-Gaussian.

Diffusion Studies. I. Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids by a Radiometric Porous-Frit Method1

1965 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur E. Marcinkowsky ◽  
Frederick Nelson ◽  
Kurt A. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Diffusion Studies

scholarly journals Admixing Chaff with Straw Increased the Residues Collected without Compromising Machinery Efficiencies

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Suardi ◽  
Sergio Saia ◽  
Walter Stefanoni ◽  
Carina Gunnarsson ◽  
Martin Sundberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Residual Biomass ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Field Efficiency ◽  
The One ◽  
Staple Crop

The collection of residues from staple crop may contribute to meet EU regulations in renewable energy production without harming soil quality. At a global scale, chaff may have great potential to be used as a bioenergy source. However, chaff is not usually collected, and its loss can consist of up to one-fifth of the residual biomass harvestable. In the present work, a spreader able to manage the chaff (either spreading [SPR] on the soil aside to the straw swath or admixed [ADM] with the straw) at varying threshing conditions (with either 1 or 2 threshing rotors [1R and 2R, respectively] in the combine, which affects the mean length of the straw pieces). The fractions of the biomass available in field (grain, chaff, straw, and stubble) were measured, along with the performances of both grain harvesting and baling operations. Admixing chaff allowed for a slightly higher amount of straw fresh weight baled compared to SPR (+336 kg straw ha−1), but such result was not evident on a dry weight basis. At the one time, admixing chaff reduced the material capacity of the combine by 12.9%. Using 2R compared to 1R strongly reduced the length of the straw pieces, and increased the bale unit weight; however, it reduced the field efficiency of the grain harvesting operations by 11.9%. On average, the straw loss did not vary by the treatments applied and was 44% of the total residues available (computed excluding the stubble). In conclusion, admixing of chaff with straw is an option to increase the residues collected without compromising grain harvesting and straw baling efficiencies; in addition, it can reduce the energy needs for the bale logistics. According to the present data, improving the chaff collection can allow halving the loss of residues. However, further studies are needed to optimise both the chaff and the straw recoveries.

Non-Stoichiometry and Cation Tracer Diffusion Studies in the Magnetite-UlvÖSpinel Solution, (Fe,Ti)3-δO4

1994 ◽  
Vol 369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Aggarwal ◽  
Rudiger Dieckmann
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Tracer Diffusion ◽  
Oxygen Activity ◽  
Spinel Solid Solution ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Cation Diffusion ◽  
Deviation From Stoichiometry ◽  
Diffusion Studies ◽  
Tracer Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Point Defect Structure

AbstractCation diffusion in the spinel solid solution (Fe1-xTix)3-δO4 (0≤ x ≤ 0.3) was investigated at 1200 ºC as a function of oxygen activity, aO2 and cationic composition, x. At different cationic compositions, cation tracer diffusion coefficients, D*Me of Me = Fe and Ti were measured as a function of oxygen activity. Plots of log DMe vs. loga0 show V-shaped curves, indicating that different types of point defects prevail at high anc low oxygen activities. Thermogravimetric experiments were conducted, using a high resolution microbalance, to determine the deviation from stoichiometry in (Fe1-xTix)3-δO4 at 1200 °C. δversus log aO2 curves are S-shaped. An analysis of the oxygen activity dependences of thecation diffusion coefficients and the deviation from stoichiometry with regardto the point defect structure suggests that at high oxygen activities cation vacancies are the predominant defects governing the deviation from stoichiometry and the diffusion ofcations. At low oxygen activities, and at small values of x, cation interstitials determine the deviation from stoichiometry, while they dominate for 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.3 inthe cation diffusion.

Diffusion of Zinc in Two-Phase Mg-Al Alloy

2007 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Ivo Stloukal ◽  
Jiří Čermák
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Coefficient ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Effective Diffusion ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Diffusion Path ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Serial Sectioning ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Interphase Boundaries ◽  
The Mean

Coefficient of 65Zn heterodiffusion in Mg17Al12 intermetallic and in eutectic alloy Mg - 33.4 wt. % Al was measured in the temperature region 598 – 698 K using serial sectioning and residual activity methods. Diffusion coefficient of 65Zn in the intermetallic can be written as DI = 1.7 × 10-2 m2 s-1 exp (-155.0 kJ mol-1 / RT). At temperatures T ≥ 648 K, where the mean diffusion path was greater than the mean interlamellar distance in the eutectic, the effective diffusion coefficient Def = 2.7 × 10-2 m2 s-1 exp (-155.1 kJ mol-1 / RT) was evaluated. At two lower temperatures, the diffusion coefficients 65Zn in interphase boundaries were estimated: Db (623 K) = 1.6 × 10-12 m2 s-1 and Db (598 K) = 4.4 × 10-13 m2 s-1.

scholarly journals The Effect of Anterior Uterocervical Angle on Primary Dysmenorrhea and Disease Severity

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mefkure Eraslan Sahin ◽  
Erdem Sahin ◽  
Yusuf Madendag ◽  
Ilknur Col Madendag ◽  
Ahter Tanay Tayyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Severity ◽  
Severe Pain ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Primary Dysmenorrhea ◽  
Uterine Corpus ◽  
Significant Family History ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secondary Dysmenorrhea ◽  
The Mean

Background. Primary dysmenorrhea, defined as painful menstrual cramps originating in the uterus without underlying pathology, is a gynecological disease that affects quality of life and school success. Our goal was to determine the effect of anterior uterocervical angle on primary dysmenorrhea and disease severity. Methods. A total of 200 virgin adolescents, 16 to 20 years of age, were included in the study. The Andersch and Milsom scale was used to determine dysmenorrhea severity. Those with pathologies causing secondary dysmenorrhea were excluded from the study. Study subjects were grouped based on severity of pain. Demographic characteristics and uterocervical ultrasonographic measurements were compared among groups. Results. Of the 200 participants enrolled in the study, 50 were healthy controls and 150 had primary dysmenorrhea. Those with primary dysmenorrhea had a significant family history of primary dysmenorrhea compared with controls (P<0.001). Age (P=0.668), body mass index (P=0.898), menarche age (P=0.915), and length of menstrual cycles (P=0.740) were similar in all groups. The uterine corpus longitudinal axis, uterine corpus transverse axis, and uterine cervix longitudinal axis were also similar (P=0.359, P=0.279, and P=0.369, resp.). The mean uterocervical angle was 146.8 ± 6.0 in controls and 143.3 ± 7.3 in those with mild pain with no significant difference between the groups. In those with moderate pain, the mean uterocervical angle was 121.2 ± 7.3 compared with 101 ± 9.2 in those with severe pain, which was a significant difference. Additionally, there was also a significant difference in the uterocervical angle among those with mild, moderate, and severe pain (P<0.001). Conclusion. Our results indicate that a narrower anterior uterocervical angle is associated with primary dysmenorrhea and disease severity.

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