Catecholamines and cold thermogenesis in sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 719-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. F. Webster ◽  
J. H. Heitman ◽  
F. L. Hays ◽  
G. P. Olynyk
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Noradrenaline And Adrenaline

Experiments were performed to assess the role of catecholamines in cold thermogenesis in warm- and cold-acclimated adult sheep. Urinary excretion of both noradrenaline and adrenaline increased in sheep exposed to cold. Propranolol (1 mg/kg) reduced cold thermogenesis in warm- and cold-acclimated sheep by 8% and 12% respectively. Noradrenaline and adrenaline infusions at 1 μg/kg min for 30 min had no significant effect on the rate of heat production of warm- or cold-acclimated sheep. Phenoxybenzamine (3.0 mg/kg) almost abolished cold thermogenesis in warm-acclimated sheep. Cold-acclimated animals treated with phenoxybenzamine were able to maintain homeothermy during severe cold stress. These findings support previous reports which suggest that catecholamines are involved in metabolic cold acclimation in the sheep, but indicate clearly that they have no direct thermogenic effect in cold-acclimated adults of this species.

scholarly journals Genes underlying cold acclimation in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze)

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 958-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Samarina ◽  
L. S. Malyukova ◽  
M. V. Gvasaliya ◽  
A. M. Efremov ◽  
V. I. Malyarovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Tea Plant ◽  
Cold Response ◽  
Binding Factor ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

The article reviews the latest studies showing the diversity of genetic mechanisms and gene families underlying the increased cold and frost tolerance of tea and other plant species. It has been shown that cell responses to chilling (0…+15°C) and freezing (< 0°C) are not the same and gene expression under cold stress is genotype-specific. In recent decades, progress has been made in understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying the cold response of plants – ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1), CBF (C-repeat-binding factor), COR (cold-regulated genes) pathways and signaling have been discovered. The ICE, CBF and DHN gene groups play a key role in the cold acclimation of the tea plant. The accumulation of CBF transcripts occurs after 15 min of chilling induction, and longer cold stress leads to accumulation of CBF transcripts. It is shown that the transcripts of the CsDHN1, CsDHN2 and CsDHN3 genes accumulate at a higher level in resistant genotypes of tea in comparison with susceptible cultivars during freezing. CBF-independent pathways include genes involved in metabolism and transcription factors such as HSFC1, ZAT12, CZF1, PLD (phospholipase D), WRKY, HD-Zip, CsLEA, LOX, NAC, HSP, which are widely distributed in plants and are involved in the basic mechanisms of tea resistance to cold and frost. The most recent studies show an important role of miRNA in the mechanisms of response to chilling and freezing in tea. The data obtained on different plant species may correlate with the mechanisms of frost tolerance of tea and are the basis for future studies of the signaling pathways of response to cold in the tea plant. The results of the research emphasize the need to further explore the ways in which various genes regulate the tolerance of tea to cold stress to find the molecular markers of frost tolerance.

Recognizing and Understanding the Cold-Stressed Term Infant

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Hackman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Heat Loss ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Term Infant ◽  
Term Infants

Hypothermia is an important cause of morbidity—and occasionally mortality—in the newborn. This article explains the physiology of thermoregulation and thermogenesis in term infants. Subjects include the role of the hypothalamus in heat production, causes of and ways to prevent heat loss, and establishment of a neutral thermal environment. Complications associated with cold stress and their etiologies, as well as methods for rewarming an infant, are also addressed.

scholarly journals Cold Acclimation Responses of Three Cool-season Turfgrasses and the Role of Proline-associated Pentose Phosphate Pathway

2009 ◽  
Vol 134 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipayan Sarkar ◽  
Prasanta C. Bhowmik ◽  
Kalidas Shetty ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Stress Tolerance ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Pentose Phosphate Pathway ◽  
Antioxidant Response ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Pentose Phosphate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Acclimation Period

The role of the antioxidant response system in association with the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway for cold adaptation was investigated in three cool-season turfgrasses during a cold acclimation period. As phenolic biosynthesis and antioxidant stimulation is proposed to be linked to the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway, this study was aimed to determine the active role of proline in metabolic regulation and its relationship with the cold stress tolerance mechanism of cool-season turfgrasses. In this study, significant accumulation of total soluble phenolics and higher total antioxidant activity was observed in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during cold acclimation, confirming the direct and indirect role of phenolics to counter low temperature-induced oxidative stress. A positive correlation between high phenolic content and the proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway was also found in investigated turfgrass species during a cold acclimation period. Low succinate dehydrogenase activity along with the high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in cold-acclimated turfgrass species suggested a probable shift of carbon flux from the energy-consuming tricarboxylic cycle to the alternative energy-efficient proline-associated pentose phosphate pathway to induce a better cold stress tolerance mechanism in these cool-season turfgrasses. Higher proline accumulation in cold-acclimated turfgrass species also supported the above findings and a probable proline oxidation to support mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation was observed in acclimated kentucky bluegrass based on the activity of proline dehydrogenase, which likely supports the active metabolic role of proline in stress-induced situations. Through this study, a significant variation in cold stress tolerance mechanisms was observed among three investigated cool-season turfgrass species during cold acclimation. Furthermore, a high cold stress tolerance characteristic was observed in kentucky bluegrass by adapting a more efficient pathway for an antioxidant response linked to proline accumulation.

Tryptophan-Niacin Metabolism in Rat with Puromycin Aminonucleoside-Induced Nephrosis

2006 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukari Egashira ◽  
Shin Nagaki ◽  
Hiroo Sanada
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Puromycin Aminonucleoside ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Key Enzyme

We investigated the change of tryptophan-niacin metabolism in rats with puromycin aminonucleoside PAN-induced nephrosis, the mechanisms responsible for their change of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, and the role of the kidney in tryptophan-niacin conversion. PAN-treated rats were intraperitoneally injected once with a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PAN at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. The collection of 24-hour urine was conducted 8 days after PAN injection. Daily urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites, liver and blood NAD, and key enzyme activities of tryptophan-niacin metabolism were determined. In PAN-treated rats, the sum of urinary excretion of nicotinamide and its metabolites was significantly lower compared with controls. The kidneyα-amino-β-carboxymuconate-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) activity in the PAN-treated group was significantly decreased by 50%, compared with the control group. Although kidney ACMSD activity was reduced, the conversion of tryptophan to niacin tended to be lower in the PAN-treated rats. A decrease in urinary excretion of niacin and the conversion of tryptophan to niacin in nephrotic rats may contribute to a low level of blood tryptophan. The role of kidney ACMSD activity may be minimal concerning tryptophan-niacin conversion under this experimental condition.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Disulfide Reductase, Trx-h2, Functions as an RNA Chaperone under Cold Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6865
Author(s):  
Eun Seon Lee ◽  
Joung Hun Park ◽  
Seong Dong Wi ◽  
Ho Byoung Chae ◽  
Seol Ki Paeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Rna Chaperone ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cold Sensitive ◽  
Thioredoxin H ◽  
Functional Rnas

The thioredoxin-h (Trx-h) family of Arabidopsis thaliana comprises cytosolic disulfide reductases. However, the physiological function of Trx-h2, which contains an additional 19 amino acids at its N-terminus, remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the molecular function of Trx-h2 both in vitro and in vivo and found that Arabidopsis Trx-h2 overexpression (Trx-h2OE) lines showed significantly longer roots than wild-type plants under cold stress. Therefore, we further investigated the role of Trx-h2 under cold stress. Our results revealed that Trx-h2 functions as an RNA chaperone by melting misfolded and non-functional RNAs, and by facilitating their correct folding into active forms with native conformation. We showed that Trx-h2 binds to and efficiently melts nucleic acids (ssDNA, dsDNA, and RNA), and facilitates the export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under cold stress. Moreover, overexpression of Trx-h2 increased the survival rate of the cold-sensitive E. coli BX04 cells under low temperature. Thus, our data show that Trx-h2 performs function as an RNA chaperone under cold stress, thus increasing plant cold tolerance.

Acetaminophen Inhibits Spinal Prostaglandin E2Release after Peripheral Noxious Stimulation 

1999 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uta S. Muth-Selbach ◽  
Irmgard Tegeder ◽  
Kay Brune ◽  
Gerd Geisslinger
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Formalin Test ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Noxious Stimulation ◽  
Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor ◽  
Nociceptive Processing ◽  
Pge2 Release

Background Prostaglandin play a pivotal role in spinal nociceptive processing. At therapeutic concentrations, acetaminophen is not a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. inhibitor. Thus, it is antinociceptive without having antiinflammatory or gastrointestinal toxic effects. This study evaluated the role of spinal prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in antinociception produced by intraperitoneally administered acetaminophen. Methods The PGE2 concentrations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord were measured after formalin was injected into the hind paw of rats. The effect of antinociceptive doses of acetaminophen (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg given intraperitoneally) on PGE2 levels and flinching behavior was monitored Spinal PGE2 and acetaminophen concentrations were obtained by microdialysis using a probe that was implanted transversely through the dorsal horn of the spinal cord at L4. Furthermore, the effects of acetaminophen on urinary prostaglandin excretion were determined. Results Intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen resulted in a significant decrease in spinal PGE2 release that was associated with a significant reduction in the flinching behavior in the formalin test Acetaminophen was distributed rapidly into the spinal cord with maximum dialysate concentrations 4560 min after intraperitoneal administration. Urinary excretion of prostanoids (PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 6-keto-PGF1alpha) was not significantly altered after acetaminophen administration. Conclusions The data confirm the importance of PGE2 in spinal nociceptive processing. The results suggest that antinociception after acetaminophen administration is mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of spinal PGE2 release. The mechanism, however, remains unknown. The finding that urinary excretion of prostaglandins was not affected might explain why acetaminophen is antinociceptive but does not compromise renal safety.

scholarly journals The AaCBF4-AaBAM3.1 module enhances freezing tolerance of kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihang Sun ◽  
Chungen Hu ◽  
Xiujuan Qi ◽  
Jinyong Chen ◽  
Yunpeng Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Dna Interactions ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Actinidia Arguta ◽  
Protein Dna Interactions ◽  
Similar Phenotype ◽  
Reporter Assays

AbstractBeta-amylase (BAM) plays an important role in plant resistance to cold stress. However, the specific role of the BAM gene in freezing tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that a cold-responsive gene module was involved in the freezing tolerance of kiwifruit. In this module, the expression of AaBAM3.1, which encodes a functional protein, was induced by cold stress. AaBAM3.1-overexpressing kiwifruit lines showed increased freezing tolerance, and the heterologous overexpression of AaBAM3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a similar phenotype. The results of promoter GUS activity and cis-element analyses predicted AaCBF4 to be an upstream transcription factor that could regulate AaBAM3.1 expression. Further investigation of protein-DNA interactions by using yeast one-hybrid, GUS coexpression, and dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed that AaCBF4 directly regulated AaBAM3.1 expression. In addition, the expression of both AaBAM3.1 and AaCBF4 in kiwifruit responded positively to cold stress. Hence, we conclude that the AaCBF-AaBAM module is involved in the positive regulation of the freezing tolerance of kiwifruit.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing nonstomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss, while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g., alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress and are promising genetic targets of interest.

GRAS-domain transcription factor PAT1 regulates jasmonic acid biosynthesis in grape cold stress response

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zemin Wang ◽  
Darren Chern Jan Wong ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Guangzhao Xu ◽  
Chong Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Cold Tolerance ◽  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Vitis Amurensis ◽  
Mobility Shift

Abstract Cultivated grapevine (Vitis) is a highly valued horticultural crop, and cold stress affects its growth and productivity. Wild Amur grape (Vitis amurensis) PAT1 (Phytochrome A signal transduction 1, VaPAT1) is induced by low temperature, and ectopic expression of VaPAT1 enhances cold tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of VaPAT1 during the cold stress response in grapevine. Here, we confirmed the overexpression of VaPAT1 in transformed grape calli enhanced cold tolerance. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays highlighted an interaction between VaPAT1 with INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN 3 (VaIDD3). A role of VaIDD3 in cold tolerance was also indicated. Transcriptome analysis revealed VaPAT1 and VaIDD3 overexpression and cold treatment coordinately modulate the expression of stress-related genes including lipoxygenase 3 (LOX3), a gene encoding a key jasmonate biosynthesis enzyme. Co-expression network analysis indicated LOX3 might be a downstream target of VaPAT1. Both electrophoretic mobility shift and dual luciferase reporter assays showed the VaPAT1-IDD3 complex binds to the IDD-box (AGACAAA) in the VaLOX3 promoter to activate its expression. Overexpression of both VaPAT1 and VaIDD3 increased the transcription of VaLOX3 and JA levels in transgenic grape calli. Conversely, VaPAT1-SRDX (dominant repression) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of PAT1-ED causing the loss of the C-terminus in grape calli dramatically prohibited the accumulation of VaLOX3 and JA levels during cold treatment. Together, these findings point to a pivotal role of VaPAT1 in the cold stress response in grape by regulating JA biosynthesis.

The role of Pro-P5C Cycle in chs mutants of Arabidopsis under cold stress

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Khavari-Nejad ◽  
R. Shekaste Band ◽  
F. Najafi ◽  
M. Nabiuni ◽  
Z. Gharari
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress
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