ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LAMBS DURING BACTERIAL INHIBITION

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Karr ◽  
C. O. Little ◽  
G. E. Mitchell Jr. ◽  
H. A. Glimp ◽  
P. G. Woolfolk
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Maintain Body Weight ◽  
Reduced Rate

Rumen cannulas were installed in four sets of twin lambs. Increasing levels (with time) of a mixture of antibiotics and Sulfathalidine were administered via the rumen cannula twice daily to prevent the development of a bacterial population in the rumen. This procedure was successful for 12 weeks. Small concentrations of volatile fatty acids were observed after this time. Neither papillae nor the muscular part of the rumen developed normally in the treated lambs where rumen volatile fatty acids were absent. Structural development of the reticulum and omasum was also greatly reduced by the antibiotic–Sulfathalidine treatments. In vitro butyrate uptake by tissues taken from the rumen, reticulum, and omasum was similar and was low for both the control and treated lambs. Poor muscular development of the rumen wall was observed in the treated lambs; and large quantities of ingesta were present, suggesting a reduced rate of passage. This was associated with diminished feed intake and inability of the lambs to maintain body weight after weaning. The apparent digestion of dietary dry matter, crude protein, starch, and cellulose was reduced by treatment.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
M.R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M.C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Garlic contains secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation, similar to other antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and gas production. The treatments consisted of control with no additives, garlic powder, and garlic juice at 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48 hours incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12 hours and 24 hours incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48 hours. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared with control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. Volatile fatty acids increased in all treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, whereas the acetate to propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 ml could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate to propionate ratio, implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens was limited.

scholarly journals Effects of garlic supplementation on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas production.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Kekana ◽  
D. Luseba ◽  
M. C. Muyu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Garlic Powder

Abstract Garlic has secondary metabolites that possess antimicrobial properties that can alter nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation similar to known antimicrobial products. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of garlic powder and garlic juice on in vitro nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and gas production. The treatments were control no additives, garlic powder and garlic juice of 0.5 ml and 1 ml. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre were determined after 48h incubation. Rumen ammonia nitrogen and volatile fatty acids were determined at 12h and 24h incubation. The cumulative gas production was recorded periodically over 48h. The in vitro dry matter disappearance decreased with 1 ml of garlic juice compared to control. The crude protein degradability in garlic powder and garlic juice was lower than in control. The volatile fatty acids increased in all the treatments. Individual volatile fatty acids were significantly different, especially propionate, while the acetate:propionate ratio was reduced by garlic juice, and ammonia nitrogen was reduced by garlic powder and 0.5 ml of garlic juice. The cumulative gas production increased significantly with both levels of garlic juice. The addition of garlic juice at 0.5 mL/100 mL could enhance the production of propionate, and reduce the acetate:propionate ratio implying that the supply of hydrogen for methanogens is limited.

Optimalisasi Penggunaan Level Sabun Kalsium Minyak Kedelai dalam Ransum Terhadap Karakteristik Fermentasi, Populasi Mikroba dan Kecernaan Nutrien Secara In Vitro Menggunakan Cairan Rumen Sapi Bali

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Ali Bain ◽  
Komang G. Wiryawan ◽  
Dewi Apri Astuti ◽  
Chairrusyuhur Arman ◽  
Sri Suharti
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Calcium Soap ◽  
Total Bacteria ◽  
Range Test

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi optimalisasi penggunaan level sabun kalsium yang berbeda dalam ransum secara in vitro terhadap karakteristik fermentasi, populasi mikroba dan kecernaan nutrien ransum, menggunakan sumber inokulum cairan rumen sapi Bali. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 jenis perlakuan dalam 3 ulangan.  Ransum penelitian terdiri atas : R1, 40% rumput lapang (RL) + 60% konsentrat (K), R2 (40% RL + 60% K, mengandungn 2.5% SCa-kedelai), R3 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 5% SCa-kedelai), R4 (40%  RL + 60% K, mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Variabel yang diukur terdiri atas karakteristik fermentasi in vitro (pH, N-NH3, produksi total volatile fatty acids), populasi mikroorganisme (total bakteri dan total protozoa), dan kecernaan nutrien (kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of varians  (ANOVA) dan perbedaan antara perlakuan diuji dengan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, penambahan SCa-kedelai pada level yang berbeda dalam konsentrat tidak mempengaruhi pH, konsentrasi amonia, populasi mikroba, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik fermentasi tetapi berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0.002) terhadap produksi total VFA. Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada ransum perlakuan R4 (konsentrat yang mengandung 7.5% SCa-kedelai). Produksi total VFA tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan R4 dan produksi total VFA paling rendah terjadi pada perlakuan ransum R1 (kontrol).  Produksi total VFA  ransum R1 dan R2 dan ransum R2 dan R3 tidak berbeda nyata namun produksi total VFA ransum R3 lebih tinggi dibanding ransum kontrol. Penambahan SCa-kedelai dalam konsentrat menghasilkan produksi total VFA tetinggi namun mulai menekan populasi total bakteri. Mempertimbangkan hasil peubah fermentasi dan populasi mikroba serta biaya pembuatan produk sabun kalsium, SCa-kedelai pada level 5% merupakan level penggunaan SCa-kedelai yang terbaik dalam ransum.Kata kunci: sabun kalsium, fermentasi, in vitro, kecernaanABSTRACTThe study to evaluate the optimalization the different level of soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean) in ration on in vitro fermentation using Bali cattle rumen fluid. The experiment was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 different ration treatments and 3 replicates. Ration treatments were R1: 40% native grass (NG) + 60% concentrate (C), R2 : 40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 2.5% soybean oil calcium soap (CaS-soybean), and R3 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 5.0% CaS-soybean and R4 (40% NG + 60% C, supplemented with 7.5% CaS-soybean). Variables measured were fermentation characteristics (pH, NH3-N, total volatile fatty acids), microbial population (total bacteria and total protozoa), and nutrient digestibility (dry matter and organic matter digestibility). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments means were examined by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results of the study  showed that the four different level of CaS-soybean in ration did not have any significant effect (P>0,05) on pH, NH3-N, total bacteria, total protozoa, dry matter and organic matter digestibility. The treatments significantly increased (P<0.05) the production of total volatile fatty acids.  The highest production of total VFA was obtained from ration R4 (concentrate containing 7.5% CaS-soybean) and the lowest was obtained from treatment R1 (control). There were no significant differences between R1 and  R2, and between R2 and R3 on the total VFA production. However, the total productions of VFA in ration R3 were higher than that of the control ration. The addition of CaS-soybean in the concentrate had increased the total production of VFA, but at the same time, it began pressing the total population of bacteria. Considering the results of the fermentation variables and microbial population as well as the cost of making calcium soap products, CaS-soybean at 5% level was selected as the best level of CaS-soybean in ration.Keywords : calcium soap, fermentation, in vitro, digestibility

scholarly journals Biodiesel Co-products Modified the Rumen Parameters of Feedlot Lambs but did not Change Methane Production In Vitro*

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliéder Prates Romanzini ◽  
Américo Garcia Da Silva Sobrinho ◽  
Roberta De Lima Valença ◽  
Thiago Henrique Borghi ◽  
Fernanda De Almeida Merlim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Crude Glycerin ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Feedlot Lambs

Background: Intensification of livestock is a strategy that increases productivity, but the diets used to increase animal production efficiency are composed mainly of corn and soybean, thereby increasing competition between animals and humans for the same food crops. This study evaluated nutrient intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and nutrients, kinetics of gas production, and concentration of volatile fatty acids on diets with or without inclusion of biodiesel co-products formulated for feedlot lambs. So, the hypothesis is that replace of traditional ingredients by biodiesel co-products changes rumen parameters and methane emissions.Material, Methods & Results: The experiment was developed in São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal/SP, Brazil, in Sheep Production Laboratory, which is owned to Animal Science Department. All trials developed in this study used a feedlot system, where animals were kept in individual pen. Forty Ile de France lambs male non-castrated were used in in vivo trial. To obtain rumen fluid, that was used in in vitro trial, four Santa Inês lambs with rumen cannula were used. The treatments evaluated were four diets: Control diet: roughage + concentrate; PM20: roughage + concentrate with peanut meal (PM) at 20% of DM; CG25: roughage + concentrate with crude glycerin (CG) at 25% of DM; and PMCG: roughage + concentrate with PM at 10% of DM and CG at 12.5% of DM. The roughage:concentrate ratio was 40:60 for all these diets. The parameters of the in vitro and in vivo experiments used were completely randomized with four treatments. When significant, the means between treatments were compared using Tukey test (P < 0.05). There was no effect of co-product inclusion on intake, except ether extract and neutral detergent fiber, which were higher for PM20 compared with CG25 diet. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (79.87%) and some nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber) was higher (P < 0.05) with CG25 diet. In vitro cumulative gas production was greater in CG25 and PMCG compared to the other diets, at early measurement points (2, 4, 6, and 10 h). The concentrations of methane, volatile fatty acids, and acetate:propionate ratio in vitro did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets.Discussion: Probably the high quality of the glycerin used (83.9% glycerol, 12.01% humidity, 3.79% salts, and 0.28% organic matter, no fat, as described by the manufacturer) may explain the low EE concentration observed in the diet using only crude glycerin and the observed lack of DMI effects in all diets. About apparent digestibility, the greater values measured for crude protein can be explained by superior synchronism during fermentation of the proteins and carbohydrates in the diet. The data showed that treatment CG25 obtained higher initial gas production, followed by treatment PMCG which contained 12.5% crude glycerin. Probably these results were caused by the greater apparent digestibility of DM in treatments that included crude glycerin. Our results of volatile fatty acid concentration are different from the decrease in molar proportion of acetic acid and increase of propionic acid described by several authors, with the inclusion of glycerin in the diet. However, the absence of effect by co-product inclusion on the molar proportion of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids measured in this trial reinforce the report from other authors that affirmed the same situation. Hence, the inclusion of PM at 20% of DM and CG at 25% of DM could successfully replace the traditional diets of feedlot lambs such as soybean and corn, respectively, without damages to intake and ruminal parameters in vitro.

scholarly journals Influence of different morphological parts of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and its major secondary metabolite rutin on rumen fermentation in vitro

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Leiber ◽  
C. Kunz ◽  
M. Kreuzer
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Beneficial Effects

It was hypothesized that buckwheat, especially its flowers, influences foregut fermentation in ruminant animals because it is rich in phenolic compounds. The entire fresh aerial buckwheat herb, or its parts (leaves, stems, flowers and grain), were incubated for 24 h together with pure ryegrass (1:1, dry matter basis) in an in vitro ruminal fermentation system (Hohenheim Gas Test). Additionally ryegrass, supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg rutin trihydrate/g dry matter, was incubated. Contents of extractable phenols (g/kg dry matter) were the highest in buckwheat flowers (88), followed by leaves (63), and the lowest in ryegrass (8). The levels of production of total gas and volatile fatty acids demonstrated that the nutritional value of buckwheat was slightly lower than that of ryegrass. Compared to ryegrass alone, ruminal transformation of dietary protein-N <br />into ammonia was lower with 50 mg rutin, buckwheat flowers and buckwheat leaves. Thus, these treatments appeared to have partly protected dietary protein from ruminal degradation. Rutin, at the highest level, buckwheat flowers and the total aerial fraction of the buckwheat plant suppressed methane per unit of total gas by &gt; 10%, either at elevated (rutin) or reduced total gas volume. This indicates that the ways of the influence on the ruminal fermentation pattern differed between pure rutin and buckwheat. In vivo studies have to confirm these potentially beneficial effects of buckwheat if used as forage for ruminants and clarify the role of further phenolic compounds present in buckwheat. Abbreviations: DM = dry matter, HGT = Hohenheim Gas Test, NDF = neutral detergent fibre, TEP = total extractable phenols, VFA = volatile fatty acids

scholarly journals Variability of caecal parameters in rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (91) ◽  
pp. 108-110
Author(s):  
O. Vozna ◽  
N. Motko
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Hydrogen Recovery ◽  
Different Origin

Three groups of rabbits of different origin (29, 27 and 28 animals; 3 or 4–6 months of age) were slaughtered, their caecal contents analyzed and used for inoculation of in vitro cultures. Whereas the caecal pH, dry matter percentages and acetate molar proportions in caecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) were relatively stable, molar proportions of other VFA varied considerably. In in vitro incubations, caecal parameters varied somewhat less than in vivo. Methane production varied much more than total VFA production. No non-methanogenic rabbit, however, was found. The hydrogen recovery correlated Significantly with the methane production and, in two out of three groups of rabbits, also with the propionate molar percentage. The caecal pH was inversely related to VFA concentration.

scholarly journals Kecernaan, Fermentabilitas dan Produksi Protein Mikrobia Secara In Vitro pada Complete Feed Berbasis Pelepah Sawit Fermentasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-199
Author(s):  
Limbang Kustiawan Nuswantara ◽  
Eko Pangestu ◽  
Sunarso Sunarso ◽  
Marry Christiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Palm Fronds ◽  
Different Levels

ABSTRACT. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kualitas complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi berdasarkan kecernaan bahan kering, bahan organik, produksi N-NH3, produksi volatile fatty acids (VFA) dan produksi biomassa protein mikrobia serta protein total secara in vitro. Materi yang digunakan adalah complete feed tersusun atas konsentrat dan pelepah sawit fermentasi dengan berbagai level yaitu 0, 10, 20 dan 30%. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi yang berbeda. Data diolah menggunakan sidik ragam yang dilanjutkan dengan uji beda wilayah berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa complete feed dengan level pelepah sawit fermentasi yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata (p0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, produksi N-NH3, produksi VFA, dan produksi protein total, sedangkan pada biomassa protein mikrobia tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata (p0,05). Rata-rata nilai kecernaan bahan kering pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 adalah 69,59; 71,9; 69,05; dan 62,58%. Rata-rata nilai kecernaan bahan organik pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 adalah 63,59; 63,15; 65,50; 52,66 %. Rata-rata produksi VFA pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 sebesar 105,8; 142,7; 136,4; dan 135,7 mM. Rata-rata produksi NH3, biomassa protein mikrobia dan produksi protein total pada perlakuan T0, T1, T2 dan T3 berturut-turut adalah 6,48mM, 15,04mg/ml;, 34,10mg/g; 7,36mM, 15,75mg/ml, 23,72mg/g; 8,18mM, 12,59mg/ml, 33,72mg/g); dan 6,60mM, 15,31mg/ml, 40,80mg/g. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan pelepah sawit fermentasi dengan level 20% dalam complete feed menghasilkan produksi VFA, kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik yang cukup baik sehingga dapat menjadi pakan alternatif sumber serat pengganti rumput. (Digestibility, fermentability and in-vitro production of microbial protein on complete feed based on fermented palm frond) ABSTRAK. This study aimed to determine the quality of a complete feed containing fermented palm fronds based on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, N-NH3, VFA, microbial protein biomass, and total protein in vitro. The material used was complete feed composed of concentrates and fermented palm fronds at various levels, i.e., 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with four complete feed treatments containing different levels of fermented palm fronds. The data were processed using analysis of variance, followed by Duncan’s multiple range test. The results demonstrated that the complete feed with different levels of fermented palm fronds had a significant effect (p0.05) on the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, N-NH3 production, essential fatty acids production, and total protein production, whereas there was no significant difference (p 0.05) on microbial protein biomass. The average dry matter and organic matter digestibility values of T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 69.59; 63.59, 71.9; 63.15, 69.05; 65.50, and 62.58%; 52.66% respectively. The average production of volatile fatty acids of T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 105.8; 142.7; 136.4; and 135.7 mM. respectively, while the average N-NH3 production, microbial protein biomass, and total protein production of the T0, T1, T2, and T3 treatments were 6.48, 7.36, 8.18, 6.60 mM; 15.04, 75, 12.59, 15.31 mg/ml; and 34.10, 23.72, 33.72, 40.80 mg/g. In conclusion, the use of fermented palm fronds at a 20% level in complete feed gave the best result in the production of volatile fatty acids, improved digestibility of dry matter, and organic matter, so it can be used as an alternative feed to replace grass fiber.

NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF DEHYDRATED CATTLE MANURE USING SHEEP

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. O. THORLACIUS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Nutritional Evaluation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Molar Percent ◽  
Daily Gain

Manure from a commercial feedlot was dehydrated at an alfalfa dehydration plant. The manure contained, on a dry matter (DM) basis, 14.8% crude protein, 14% ash, 0.83% calcium, 0.69% phosphorus, 30.5% crude fiber, and 2.6% fat. About 45% of the DM in the manure was wheat straw bedding. Each of three pelleted rations: 50% hay 50% barley (HB); 50% manure 50% barley (MB); and 100% manure (M) was fed ad libitum to eight individually penned yearling wethers in a 38-day feeding trial. In addition to the manure pellets, lambs on ration M were fed 200 g/day alfalfa hay until intake of pellets exceeded 600 g/day, and 200 g/day barley during the first 28 days on test. A digestibility trial, five wethers per treatment, was conducted after the 38-day feeding trial. Mean daily DM intake during the feeding trial was 2,054, 1,714, 1,165 (pellets only) g and mean daily gain was 272, 148 and −57 g for rations HB, MB, and M, respectively. The corresponding values were 2,632, 2,277, and 2,050 g for DM intake during the final 10 days of the feeding trial, 62.7, 51.7, and 26.7% for DM digestibility, and 70.9, 62.6, and 42.2 for nitrogen digestibility. Molar percent volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid of lambs on ration M were similar to those normally observed for high roughage rations. Molar percent acetic in rumen fluid of lambs on ration HB was greater (P < 0.05) and percent valeric lower (P < 0.05) than on ration MB. It was concluded that sheep will consume rations containing large amounts of dehydrated manure, but low digestibility of manure severely limits its value as a ration ingredient.

scholarly journals In vitro fermentation and chemical constituents of urea-molasses feed - blocks made with different binders for ruminants.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-149
Author(s):  
O. A. Isah
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was carried out to assess the chemical contents, in vitro break down, volatile fatty acids, NH3¬-N and methane concentration of urea- molasses feed - block (UMFB) using different binders. Four feed - blocks were formulated as: UMFB A (Cement only), UMFB B (cement + clay), UMFB C (cement + cassava starch), and UMFB D (cassava starch + clay). The feed - blocks were incubated in vitro for 48 hours to assess gas production and other in vitro- ecology parameters. Results of chemical analysis revealed that UMFB C (21.70%), and B (21.65%) had highest (p< 0.05) crude protein content while UMFB D (18.62%) had lowest value. Intermediate crude protein content was recorded for UMFB A (19.58%). However, highest (p<0.05) values of ADF (16.8%) and ADL (15.5%) were recorded for UMFB D. Similar value of ADF (16.70%) and ADL (15.3%) were recorded also for UMFB B. The NDF value of feed - block A (34.6%) was highest (p<0.05) while lowest value of NDF was recorded for UMFB D (32.1%). Production of volatile fatty acids indicated that propionic acid (30.5%), oleic acid (11.3%,) and lactic acid (36.5%) were highest (p<0.05) for UMFB D. Concentration of NH3-N was highest in UMFB B while significant difference (p>0.05) was not observed in the pH and methane values for various UMFB. Highest in vitro digestibility of organic matter was observed in UMFB D. The study showed that the various feed - blocks could serve as a sustainable supplement during dry season and period of scarcity for the ruminants.

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