VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE UTILIZATION IN PROTEIN-DEPRIVED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mathews ◽  
G. H. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Significant Lowering ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Β Carotene

Maintenance of rats on a protein-free, but not a 4% casein, diet produced a significant lowering of serum vitamin A. This effect was seen in rats deprived of vitamin A or provided with 90 μg of the vitamin twice weekly. In a separate study, rats maintained on 4% and 20% casein diets were depleted of vitamin A. They were then given 6 or 12 μg of vitamin A or 24 μg of carotene per day. The blood vitamin A response to administered vitamin A was not affected. Rats fed the low-protein diet exhibited only about one half of the serum vitamin A response to administered carotene as did those fed the 20% casein diet. Carotene failed to maintain liver vitamin A content in rats fed the low-protein diet. The results suggested that the absorption/conversion of β-carotene is impaired in rats maintained on a 4% protein diet. When rats were fed a protein-free diet the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, or transport of the vitamin was also impaired.

VITAMIN A AND CAROTENE UTILIZATION IN PROTEIN-DEPRIVED RATS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mathews ◽  
G. H. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Significant Lowering ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Β Carotene

Maintenance of rats on a protein-free, but not a 4% casein, diet produced a significant lowering of serum vitamin A. This effect was seen in rats deprived of vitamin A or provided with 90 μg of the vitamin twice weekly. In a separate study, rats maintained on 4% and 20% casein diets were depleted of vitamin A. They were then given 6 or 12 μg of vitamin A or 24 μg of carotene per day. The blood vitamin A response to administered vitamin A was not affected. Rats fed the low-protein diet exhibited only about one half of the serum vitamin A response to administered carotene as did those fed the 20% casein diet. Carotene failed to maintain liver vitamin A content in rats fed the low-protein diet. The results suggested that the absorption/conversion of β-carotene is impaired in rats maintained on a 4% protein diet. When rats were fed a protein-free diet the mobilization of vitamin A from the liver, or transport of the vitamin was also impaired.

scholarly journals The growth and development of rats given a low-protein diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. T. Dickerson ◽  
P. C. R. Hughes ◽  
P. A. McAnulty
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Dna Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Brain

1. Weanling (24-d-old) rats of a black and white hooded strain were allowed free access for 28 d to a diet containing 5% casein supplemented with methionine, and sucrose as the carbohydrate. Controls were fed on a 25% casein diet with a corresponding reduction in sucrose. Animals given the deficient diet were killed either at 52 d of age or after subsequent rehabilitation on the 25% casein diet when aged 140 d. These animals were compared with controls killed at these two ages and at the start of the experiment.2. The skeletons were X-rayed, skeletal maturity was determined according to a scoring system, and various bones were measured. The forebrain and cerebellum were analysed for cholesterol and DNA and the brain stem for cholesterol only. The DNA content of the paired quadriceps muscles and the livers was also determined.3. On the low-protein diet the body-weight rose by 7 g compared with the control value of 115 g. On rehabilitation, the body-weight of the previously malnourished group showed the expected growth spurt, but failed to attain that of the controls at 140 d.4. With the exception of the pelvis width, all the bones grew a little during the period on the low-protein diet. After rehabilitation, the hind limb, pelvis, iliac and spine lengths and the bi-iliac width remained smaller than these measurements in the corresponding controls, whereas there was no difference in the length of the fore limb, width of the pelvis or in the bone maturity score.5. The forebrains and cerebellums of the malnourished rats did not increase in weight, whereas some increase occurred in the brain stem. The concentration of cholesterol in the forebrains of the deficient animals was the same as that in controls of the same age, but on rehabilitation the concentration did not rise to the control value. The concentration of cholesterol in the cerebellum and brain stem of the deficient rats was lower than in controls of the same age but, whereas that in the cerebellum attained an almost normal level on rehabilitation, that in the brain stem remained significantly lower. The low-protein diet prevented the normal increase in cerebellum DNA and the amount remained low in the rehabilitated animals.6. The experimental diet caused a complete cessation of growth of the quadriceps muscles, and even after rehabilitation they weighed less than their controls. The DNA content, however, was not significantly lower.7. The low-protein diet did not permanently affect either the weight or DNA content of the liver.

scholarly journals Maternal Moderate Physical Training during Pregnancy Attenuates the Effects of a Low-Protein Diet on the Impaired Secretion of Insulin in Rats: Potential Role for Compensation of Insulin Resistance and Preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Góis Leandro ◽  
Marco Fidalgo ◽  
Adriano Bento-Santos ◽  
Filippe Falcão-Tebas ◽  
Diogo Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Isolated Islets ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

The effects of pregestational and gestational low-to-moderate physical training on insulin secretion in undernourished mothers were evaluated. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: control (C,n=5); trained (T,n=5); low-protein diet (LP,n=5); trained with a low-protein diet (T + LP,n=5). Trained rats ran on a treadmill over a period of 4 weeks before mate (5 days week−1and 60 min day−1, at 65% ofVO2max). At pregnancy, the intensity and duration of the exercise were reduced. Low-protein groups were provided with an 8% casein diet, and controls were provided with a 17% casein diet. At third day after delivery, mothers and pups were killed and islets were isolated by collagenase digestion of pancreas and incubated for a further 1 h with medium containing 5.6 or 16.7 mM glucose. T mothers showed increased insulin secretion by isolated islets incubated with 16.7 mM glucose, whereas LP group showed reduced secretion of insulin by isolated islets when compared with both C and LP + T groups. Physical training before and during pregnancy attenuated the effects of a low-protein diet on the secretion of insulin, suggesting a potential role for compensation of insulin resistance and preventing gestationaldiabetes mellitus.

Immunohistochemical detection of changes in growth hormone cells in rat pituitaries in protein deficiency

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Immunohistochemical Method ◽  
Deficient Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Gh Cells ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Cell Changes

1. An immunohistochemical method was used to study the effect of a low-protein diet on growth hormone (GH) cells in the pituitaries of developing rats. The deficient diet (80 g protein/kg) was administered during gestation and lactation, or during the time after weaning until 90 d of age, or during both periods.2. GH-cell changes were much more striking in males than in females.3. In males, GH-producing cells were usually reduced in size and number in all treatments. The effect was most intense when protein deprivation occurred throughout gestation and sucking, and continued until 90 d of age, but it was also evident in animals given the low protein diet only after weaning. Recuperation appeared to be almost complete when offspring of deprived dams were fed on a normal diet after weaning.4. It is concluded that a low-protein diet reduces the amount of GH in the rat pituitary in a way similar to that with a protein-free diet.

scholarly journals Maternal low-protein diet-induced delayed reflex ontogeny is attenuated by moderate physical training during gestation in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippe Falcão-Tebas ◽  
Adriano Bento-Santos ◽  
Marco Antônio Fidalgo ◽  
Marcelus Brito de Almeida ◽  
José Antônio dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Physical Feature ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Female Wistar Rats

We evaluated the effects of moderate- to low-intensity physical training during gestation on reflex ontogeny in neonate rats whose mothers were undernourished. Virgin female Wistar rats were divided into four groups as follows: untrained (NT, n 7); trained (T, n 7); untrained with a low-protein diet (NT+LP, n 7); trained with a low-protein diet (T+LP, n 4). Trained rats were subjected to a protocol of moderate physical training on a treadmill over a period of 4 weeks (5 d/week and 60 min/d, at 65 % of VO2max). After confirming the pregnancy, the intensity and duration of the exercise were reduced. Low-protein groups were provided with an 8 % casein diet, and controls were provided with a 17 % casein diet. Their respective offspring were evaluated (during the 10th–17th days of postnatal life) in terms of physical feature maturation, somatic growth and reflex ontogeny. Pups born to mothers provided with the low-protein diet during gestation and lactation showed delayed physical feature and reflex maturation and a deficit in somatic growth when compared with controls. However, most of these deficiencies were attenuated in pups of undernourished mothers undergoing training. In conclusion, physical training during gestation attenuates the effects of perinatal undernutrition on some patterns of maturation in the central nervous system during development.

scholarly journals Low Calcium-Phosphate Intakes Modulate the Low-Protein Diet-Related Effect on Peak Bone Mass Acquisition: A Hormonal and Bone Strength Determinants Study in Female Growing Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (11) ◽  
pp. 4305-4315 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Fournier ◽  
R. Rizzoli ◽  
P. Ammann
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Peak Bone Mass ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Skeletal Growth ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Hepatic Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Low Protein

Abstract Peak bone mass acquisition is influenced by environmental factors including dietary intake. A low-protein diet delays body and skeletal growth in association with a reduction in serum IGF-1 whereas serum FGF21 is increased by selective amino acid deprivation. Calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) are also key nutrients for skeletal health, and inadequate intakes reduce bone mass accrual in association with calciotropic hormone modulation. Besides, the effect of calcium supplementation on bone mass in prepubertal children appears to be influenced by protein intake. To further explore the interaction of dietary protein and Ca-P intake on bone growth, 1-month-old female rats were fed with an isocaloric 10%, 7.5%, or 5% casein diet containing normal or low Ca-P for an 8-week period (6 groups). Changes in tibia geometry, mineral content, microarchitecture, strength, and intrinsic bone quality were analyzed. At the hormonal level, serum IGF-1, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), PTH, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol), and FGF23 were investigated as well as the Ghr hepatic gene expression. In normal dietary Ca-P conditions, bone mineral content, trabecular and cortical bone volume, and bone strength were lower in the 5% casein group in association with a decrease in serum IGF-1 and an increase in FGF21 levels. Unexpectedly, the low-Ca-P diet attenuated the 5% casein diet-related reduction of serum IGF-1 and Ghr hepatic gene expression, as well as the low-protein diet-induced decrease in bone mass and strength. However, this was associated with lower cortical bone material level properties. The low-Ca-P diet increased serum calcitriol but decreased FGF23 levels. Calcitriol levels positively correlated with Ghr hepatic mRNA levels. These results suggest that hormonal modulation in response to a low-Ca-P diet may modify the low-protein diet-induced effect on Ghr hepatic mRNA levels and consequently the impact of low protein intakes on IGF-1 circulating levels and skeletal growth.

scholarly journals Vitamin A and protein interrelationships in the milk-fed lamb

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Faruque ◽  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
Retinyl Palmitate ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean

1. The mean liver retinol reserve (retinal + retinyl esters, expressed as retinol) of six newborn lambs was 21±8 μg. The mean value for ten suckled lambs, aged 5–7 days, was 2655±472 μg retinol per liver.2. Three unsuckled lambs were fed ad lib. from birth for 28 days on a high-protein diet, based on lard and skim milk, without supplementary vitamin A. The diet provided sufficient vitamin A for normal growth, but insufficient to permit substantial liver reserves (43±8 μg retinol per liver).3. Thirty-six suckled lambs aged 5–7 days were given either a low-or a high-protein diet for 21 days, with or without graded levels of retinyl acetate or βcarotene. There were no significant differences in the live-weight gain or in liver retinol reserves between the low-and highprotein dietary treatments, or between the supplemented and unsupplemented groups.4. Twelve lambs were pair-fed on either a low-or a high-protein diet from birth for 21 days. Six lambs that were given a large supplement of retinyl palmitate on the 1st day of life had stored significantly less retinol in the liver at 21 days (P > 0.01) than six lambs given a somewhat smaller total amount of retinyl palmitate in small daily doses. Lambs given the high-protein diet had significantly greater liver retinol reserves (P > 0.01) than lambs given the low-protein diet, with both methods of supplementation.5. Twelve lambs were pair-fed from birth on a high-protein diet for 2 or 6 days. Lambs that were given retinyl palmitate dissolved in either a low-or a high-protein diet on the 1st day of life had significantly lower liver retinol reserves some 24 h later (P > 0.01) than lambs given similar treatments on the 5th day of life. Liver retinol reserves were positively correlated with the protein concentration of the diet at the time of supplementation.6. Eighteen lambs were pair-fed from birth with either a low- or a high-protein diet. Six pairs were given retinyl palmitate daily and three pairs were given the supplement 48 h before slaughter. The source of protein was casein. Eight out of nine lambs given the low-protein diet would have died had they not been slaughtered at between 8 and 11 days of age. The time of supplementation had no significant effect on liver retinol reserves, which were very low, regardless of the dietary protein concentration. Lambs given the high-protein diet retained a significantly greater proportion (P > 0.05) of the dietary retinyl palmitate than lambs given the low-protein diet.

Influence of Environmental and Nutritional Factors on Problem Solving in the Rat

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Marie Wells ◽  
Charles R. Geist ◽  
Robert R. Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Rat Pups ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Enriched Environments

Rat pups were randomly cross-fostered to lactating dams which were maintained on either 21% casein diet or a 12% casein diet by weight. At 21 days of age the pups fostered with dams receiving 21% casein continued on the high protein diet. The pups fostered with the dams receiving the 12% casein diet were placed either on a low protein diet consisting of 5% casein by weight or on a 21% casein diet provided in restricted amounts in order to maintain their weight equal to that of the animals weaned to the 5% casein diet. Throughout the 8-wk. period in which the dietary regimes were imposed, the pups were housed individually either in spatially, tactually, and visually enriched, or impoverished environments. At 11 wk. of age all of the animals were rehabilitated and maintained on the 21% high protein diet for the remainder of the experiment. When problem-solving ability was measured by performance in the Hebb-Williams maze, the low-protein animals reared in impoverished environments exhibited the greatest latencies to leave the start box, spent the longest time within the maze enclosure, and made the greatest number of errors Conversely, the high-protein animals reared in the enriched environments showed the shortest latencies, spent less time in the maze, and made the fewest errors.

scholarly journals Programmed changes in the adult rat offspring caused by maternal protein restriction during gestation and lactation are attenuated by maternal moderate–low physical training

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fidalgo ◽  
Filippe Falcão-Tebas ◽  
Adriano Bento-Santos ◽  
Elaine de Oliveira ◽  
José Firmino Nogueira-Neto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Plasma Leptin

The effects of maternal moderate–low physical training on postnatal development, glucose homeostasis and leptin concentration in adult offspring subjected to a low-protein diet during the perinatal period were investigated. Male Wistar rats (aged 150 d old) were divided into four groups according to maternal group: untrained (NTp, n 8); trained (Tp, n 8); untrained with a low-protein diet (NT+LPp, n 8); trained with a low-protein diet (T+LPp, n 8). The trained mothers were subjected to a protocol of moderate physical training over a period of 4 weeks (treadmill, 5 d/week, 60 min/d, at 65 % VO2max) before mating. At pregnancy, the intensity and duration of exercise was progressively reduced (50–20 min/d, at 65–30 % VO2max). The low-protein diet groups received an 8 % casein diet, and their peers received a 17 % casein diet during gestation and lactation. The pups' birth weight and somatic growth were recorded weekly up to the 150th day. Fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, serum leptin concentration, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were evaluated. The Tp animals showed no changes in somatic and biochemical parameters, while the NT+LPp group showed a greater abdominal circumference, hyperglycaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, glucose intolerance and lower plasma leptin. In the T+LPp animals, all of those alterations were reversed except for plasma leptin concentration. In conclusion, the effects of a perinatal low-protein diet on growth and development, glucose homeostasis and serum leptin concentration in the offspring were attenuated in pups from trained mothers.

Hepatic Ultrastructure Changes Induced by Lithocholic Acid

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 162-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lithocholic Acid ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Low Protein Diet ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Hydropic Degeneration ◽  
Hepatic Cells ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Addition of lithocholic acid (LCA), a naturally occurring bile acid in mammals, to a low protein diet fed to rats induced marked inflammatory reaction in the hepatic cells followed by hydropic degeneration and ductular cell proliferation. These changes were accompanied by dilatation and hyperplasia of the common bile duct and formation of “gallstones”. All these changes were reversible when LCA was withdrawn from the low protein diet except for the hardened gallstones which persisted.Electron microscopic studies revealed marked alterations in the hepatic cells. Early changes included disorganization, fragmentation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and detachment of its ribosomes. Free ribosomes, either singly or arranged in small clusters were frequently seen in most of the hepatic cells. Vesiculation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum was often encountered as early as one week after the administration of LCA (Fig. 1).

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