THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-ADENINE IN THE RAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
S. H. Zbarsky ◽  
A. R. P. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Metabolic Conversion

The metabolism of 2-C14-adenine has been studied in the rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of the labelled material, isotope was found in the adenine and guanine of the visceral nucleic acids. Allantoin was the major radioactive metabolite excreted in the urine, and radioactive adenine and uric acid were also shown to be present. The finding of radioactivity in the urinary urea indicated a significant metabolic conversion of the 2-carbon of adenine to carbon dioxide. This result agreed with the finding of 8.5–9.4% of the injected radioactivity in the respiratory carbon dioxide. Possible mechanisms whereby carbon 2 of adenine may be metabolized to carbon dioxide are discussed.

THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-ADENINE IN THE RAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. H. Zbarsky ◽  
A. R. P. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Metabolic Conversion

The metabolism of 2-C14-adenine has been studied in the rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of the labelled material, isotope was found in the adenine and guanine of the visceral nucleic acids. Allantoin was the major radioactive metabolite excreted in the urine, and radioactive adenine and uric acid were also shown to be present. The finding of radioactivity in the urinary urea indicated a significant metabolic conversion of the 2-carbon of adenine to carbon dioxide. This result agreed with the finding of 8.5–9.4% of the injected radioactivity in the respiratory carbon dioxide. Possible mechanisms whereby carbon 2 of adenine may be metabolized to carbon dioxide are discussed.

ON THE INCORPORATION OF LABELLED ADENINE INTO THE PURINES OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE RAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1189-1196
Author(s):  
R. V. Tomlinson ◽  
S. H. Zbarsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Conversion ◽  
Purine Ring

Adenine labelled with C14 in position 2 and with N15 in positions 1 and 3 was injected intraperitoneally into rats, and the purines of the nucleic acids from the pooled viscera were isolated. The C14/N15 ratios of the isolated adenine and guanine were considerably lower than that of the injected adenine, indicating that during the formation of the nucleic acid purines from the administered material there was a loss of C14 relative to N15. This loss was larger for the guanine, which had a C14/N15 ratio 52–67% lower than that of the injected adenine. Metabolic removal of carbon 2 of the adenine was shown further by the excretion of 22% of the injected radioactivity as respiratory carbon dioxide. Fifty-three per cent of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine and of this less than half was accounted for as allantoin, adenine, and urea. The C14/N15 ratio of the urinary allantoin was intermediate in value between those of the adenine and guanine. The evidence obtained indicates that during the metabolic conversion of adenine to guanine the purine ring may undergo rupture at the 2 position. A possible mechanism for the reaction is presented.

ON THE INCORPORATION OF LABELLED ADENINE INTO THE PURINES OF THE NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE RAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 1189-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Tomlinson ◽  
S. H. Zbarsky
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Metabolic Conversion ◽  
Purine Ring

Adenine labelled with C14 in position 2 and with N15 in positions 1 and 3 was injected intraperitoneally into rats, and the purines of the nucleic acids from the pooled viscera were isolated. The C14/N15 ratios of the isolated adenine and guanine were considerably lower than that of the injected adenine, indicating that during the formation of the nucleic acid purines from the administered material there was a loss of C14 relative to N15. This loss was larger for the guanine, which had a C14/N15 ratio 52–67% lower than that of the injected adenine. Metabolic removal of carbon 2 of the adenine was shown further by the excretion of 22% of the injected radioactivity as respiratory carbon dioxide. Fifty-three per cent of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine and of this less than half was accounted for as allantoin, adenine, and urea. The C14/N15 ratio of the urinary allantoin was intermediate in value between those of the adenine and guanine. The evidence obtained indicates that during the metabolic conversion of adenine to guanine the purine ring may undergo rupture at the 2 position. A possible mechanism for the reaction is presented.

Construction of Hyperuricemia Model Rats with Yeast Extract Combined with Oteracil Potassium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilidaer Xilifu ◽  
Alimu Kateer ◽  
Nijiati Rehemu ◽  
Zhao-yong Li ◽  
jie Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Optimal Dosage

Abstract Background: Hyperuricemia is the most important risk factor for gout, hypertension, coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular diseases. The incidence of hyperuricemia gradually increased in recent years and it is very necessary to explore the medications of the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia using hyperuricemia animal models. Objective: The objective of present study is to explore the optimal dose of yeast extract and oteracil potassium in the establishment of hyperuricemia rat model. Method: Sixty-four male rats were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups. Rats were treated with yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection or yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with various doses of oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding or intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. The serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of different groups were measured at 0th day, 7th day, 14th day, 21th day and 28th day. Results: The serum levels of uric acid in the groups of intraperitoneal injection with yeast extract alone, yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding and yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-100 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection were higher than that in the control group. But we found no significant effect on rat kidney, heart or artery in the above groups. In the group of yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection, we observed the significantly high level of serum uric acid and morphological and pathological changes in rat kidney, heart and artery. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that continuously treated with yeast extract combined with oteracil potassium is an effective method to establish rat hyperuricemia model. Intraperitoneal injection of yeast extract combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium is an optimal dosage for the construction of a persistent and stable hyperuricemia animal model.

REGULATION OF THE METABOLISM OF PITUITARY NUCLEIC ACIDS IN FEMALE RATS

1980 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. BÍRÓ
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Rna Metabolism ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Biphasic Effect ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Lh Releasing Hormone

SUMMARY Ovariectomy caused an increase in the metabolism of pituitary nucleic acids. This effect was reversed in vivo by a biphasic action of oestradiol-17β which first facilitated RNA metabolism after 8 h and then inhibited it 16 h after intraperitoneal injection. To analyse the origin of this biphasic effect the roles of LH releasing hormone (LH-RH) and hysterectomy were examined. Incorporation of uridine into the RNA of the anterior pituitary gland of female rats was inhibited both in vivo and in vitro by LH-RH. Hysterectomy augmented the increase in the RNA metabolism caused by ovariectomy whereas steroid-free uterine extracts inhibited the increase significantly. We have concluded that extrapituitary factors may be involved in the effects of oestrogen on the metabolism of pituitary nucleic acids.

THE METABOLISM OF C14-UREA IN THE RAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
S. H. Zbarsky ◽  
W. D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Expired Air

Urea, labelled with carbon14, was synthesized and administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection. The excretion of the carbon14 was followed by analysis of the urine and expired carbon dioxide for radioactivity at various times after the injection and the distribution of the isotope was determined by analysis of organs, blood, and carcass. A portion of the injected urea was rapidly metabolized, up to 17% of the isotope being excreted in the expired air after three hours and 30% after 48 hr. The highest output of C14O2 occurred during the second hour after injection. Most of the remaining isotope was excreted in the urine as urea. After three hours only a small percentage of the injected carbon14 was present in the kidney, liver, and blood, largely as urea. There appeared to be little incorporation of the isotope into the tissues.

Basal urinary excretion of purine derivatives in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 109-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Balcells ◽  
J.A. Guada ◽  
C. Castrillo ◽  
J.I. Bonafonte
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Purine Derivatives ◽  
Exogenous Supply

In ruminants duodenal purines,mainly derived from microbial nucleic acids, are catabolised and excreted in the urine as xanthine, hypoxanthine, uric acid and allantoin. The use of purine derivatives as an index of net microbial syntesis in the rumen requires a better understanding of the contribution of endogenus losses to total urinary excretion.Similar levels of basal excretion of purine derivatives has been determined in ruminants maintained by intragastric nutrition (Giesecke et al. 1984, Fujihara et al. 1987) and preruminants fed on liquid diets (Linberg, 1989). However, lower excretion of allantoin and uric acid were recorded when exogenous supply was reduced by fasting (Rys et al. 1975).

scholarly journals Review of Intraperitoneal Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital as a Method of Euthanasia in Laboratory Rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A Laferriere ◽  
Daniel SJ Pang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
North America ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Welfare Implications

Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research, involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use of sodium pentobarbital, injected intraperitoneally, for killing rodents is described as an acceptable technique by the AVMA and CCAC euthanasia guidelines. This drug and route are recommended over inhalant anesthetics, carbon dioxide, and physical methods for ethical and aesthetic reasons as well as efficiency. However, a growing body of evidence challenges the efficacy and utility of intraperitoneal pentobarbital. This methodology has been described as inconsistent and may induce pain and stress. With these considerations in mind, a review of the literature is needed to assess the evidence surrounding this killing method, the associated welfare implications, and potential for refinement.

THE METABOLISM OF DL-HYDROXYPROLINE-2-C14 IN THE RAT

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gianetto ◽  
L. P. Bouthillier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Starting Material

DL-Hydroxyproline-2-C14 was synthesized with an over-all yield of about three per cent as calculated on the amount of carbon dioxide employed as radioactive starting material. DL-Hydroxyproline-2-C14 given to three normal rats by intraperitoneal injection was shown to be slowly metabolized. A scheme is suggested for the conversion of this amino acid into glutamic and aspartic acids.

scholarly journals The degradation of nucleic acids in, and the removal of breakdown products from the small intestines of steers

1980 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. McAllan
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Pyrimidine Nucleosides ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Rna And Dna ◽  
Serum And Urine

1. Nucleic acids and breakdown products were estimated in digesta taken from different sites in the small intestines of slaughtered steers given different diets. Amounts passing different sites were compared using cellulose as a non-digestible marker. The validity of this marker was checked with chromic oxide in some experiments. In other experiments, nucleic acids or derivatives were infused into the proximal duodenum of steers receiving diets of approximately equal proportions of flaked maize and hay. The amounts disappearing during passage through the small intestine were estimated using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a non- absorbable marker.2. In the slaughter experiments the amounts of nucleic acids entering the small intestine varied with the type of diet. RNA and DNA disappeared on average, to extents of 89% and 80% respectively between the abomasum and the terminal ileum, irrespective of the diet. RNA disappearance occurred almost entirely in the proximal quarter of the small intestine, whereas that of DNA extended further along the tract.3. Nucleic acid degradation in the upper small intestine was accompanied by the transient appearance of adenosine, guanosine and pyrimidine nucleosides. These products were in greatest concentration in digesta from the first quarter of the small intestine and had generally completely disappeared by the terminal ileum.4. Of the different substances infused into the small intestine, free nucleic acids were removed to extents greater than 97%, adenine, guanine and uracil had completely disappeared, thymine and xanthine to approximately 80% and 95% and hypoxanthine and cytosine to only 51% and 48% respectively. The nucleosides adenosine and cytidine were also completely removed in the small intestine but were replaced, in part, by the catabolic products inosine plus hypoxanthine or cytosine respectively. Other nucleosides were removed to approximately half the extent of the corresponding bases.5. Serum and urine allantoin and uric acid levels were related to the amounts of purines entering the small intestines in free or bound form.

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