THE METABOLISM OF C14-UREA IN THE RAT

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
S. H. Zbarsky ◽  
W. D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Expired Air

Urea, labelled with carbon14, was synthesized and administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection. The excretion of the carbon14 was followed by analysis of the urine and expired carbon dioxide for radioactivity at various times after the injection and the distribution of the isotope was determined by analysis of organs, blood, and carcass. A portion of the injected urea was rapidly metabolized, up to 17% of the isotope being excreted in the expired air after three hours and 30% after 48 hr. The highest output of C14O2 occurred during the second hour after injection. Most of the remaining isotope was excreted in the urine as urea. After three hours only a small percentage of the injected carbon14 was present in the kidney, liver, and blood, largely as urea. There appeared to be little incorporation of the isotope into the tissues.

A New Oxygen Mask: Comparison with Other Clinical Methods of Giving Oxygen

1974 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
W A Crosbie ◽  
J P Warren ◽  
L A Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Cor Pulmonale ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Supplementary Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Oxygen Mask ◽  
Clinical Methods ◽  
Expired Air

The performance of a new mask (Mix-O-Mask) for giving supplementary oxygen in clinical situations was compared with three other methods in a patient with cor pulmonale. Measurements were made of the intra-tracheal gas concentrations and arterial blood levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The new mask was as reliable as Ventimasks in delivering a claimed oxygen concentration and did not cause rebreathing of expired air. The mask proved durable when worn for sixteen hours in a day and was preferred for comfort by the patient.

Acid-base equilibrium during acute long-lasting experiments in artificially ventilated cats

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R126-R131
Author(s):  
C. Galletti ◽  
M. G. Maioli ◽  
E. R. Sanseverino
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Base Equilibrium ◽  
Acid Base Equilibrium ◽  
Expired Air

Experiments were carried out to study blood acid-base equilibrium in the cat during experiments with artificial ventilation. Blood acid-base equilibrium was examined in the arterial and venous blood by analyzing pH, carbon dioxide and oxygen partial pressure, and plasma bicarbonates. Artificial ventilation was regulated on the basis of this analysis; CO2 concentration in expired air was monitored throughout the experiment. An attempt was made to verify if artificial ventilation could be regulated indirectly only on the basis of CO2 concentration in expired air. The most appropriate acid-base equilibrium was maintained when CO2 concentration in expired air was kept within the range of 3.9-4.1%.

THE METABOLISM OF 2-C14-ADENINE IN THE RAT

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
S. H. Zbarsky ◽  
A. R. P. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Metabolic Conversion

The metabolism of 2-C14-adenine has been studied in the rat. Following intraperitoneal injection of the labelled material, isotope was found in the adenine and guanine of the visceral nucleic acids. Allantoin was the major radioactive metabolite excreted in the urine, and radioactive adenine and uric acid were also shown to be present. The finding of radioactivity in the urinary urea indicated a significant metabolic conversion of the 2-carbon of adenine to carbon dioxide. This result agreed with the finding of 8.5–9.4% of the injected radioactivity in the respiratory carbon dioxide. Possible mechanisms whereby carbon 2 of adenine may be metabolized to carbon dioxide are discussed.

scholarly journals Review of Intraperitoneal Injection of Sodium Pentobarbital as a Method of Euthanasia in Laboratory Rodents

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A Laferriere ◽  
Daniel SJ Pang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
North America ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Laboratory Rodents ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Welfare Implications

Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research, involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use of sodium pentobarbital, injected intraperitoneally, for killing rodents is described as an acceptable technique by the AVMA and CCAC euthanasia guidelines. This drug and route are recommended over inhalant anesthetics, carbon dioxide, and physical methods for ethical and aesthetic reasons as well as efficiency. However, a growing body of evidence challenges the efficacy and utility of intraperitoneal pentobarbital. This methodology has been described as inconsistent and may induce pain and stress. With these considerations in mind, a review of the literature is needed to assess the evidence surrounding this killing method, the associated welfare implications, and potential for refinement.

THE METABOLISM OF DL-HYDROXYPROLINE-2-C14 IN THE RAT

1954 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gianetto ◽  
L. P. Bouthillier
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Starting Material

DL-Hydroxyproline-2-C14 was synthesized with an over-all yield of about three per cent as calculated on the amount of carbon dioxide employed as radioactive starting material. DL-Hydroxyproline-2-C14 given to three normal rats by intraperitoneal injection was shown to be slowly metabolized. A scheme is suggested for the conversion of this amino acid into glutamic and aspartic acids.

A Simple Device for Bedside Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Percentage in Expired Air

1961 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-693
Author(s):  
F. E. Roberts ◽  
M. B. Cole ◽  
A. H. Lawton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Simple Device ◽  
Expired Air

scholarly journals Metabolism of [14C]Formaldehyde When Fed to Ruminants as an Aldehyde-Casein-Oil Complex

1972 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Mills ◽  
LF Sharry ◽  
LJ Cook ◽  
TW Scott
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Expired Air

Formaldehyde has been used to protect proteins and lipids from metabolism in the rumen, and the present studies were designed to investigate the metabolism of [140]formaldehyde when given to ruminants as an aldehyde-casein-oil complex. Approximately 60-80% of the consumed [140]formaldehyde was metabolized to carbon dioxide and methane, a further 11-27% was excreted in the faeces, and 5-6% was accounted for in the urine. The amount of radioactivity excreted either in the expired air or faeces appeared to be dependent on the length of the reaction time between the aldehyde and casein prior to feeding. Small amounts of 140 radio� activity were detected in body tissues and milk, but this was not present as formalde� hyde. It is concluded that ruminants effectively metabolize formaldehyde and there is no accumulation of this compound in the carcass or milk.

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