Wood-inhabiting cryptogams on dead Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in managed Swedish boreal forests

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kruys ◽  
Clas Fries ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson ◽  
Tomas Lämås ◽  
Göran Ståhl
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Red Lists ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Specific Species

We surveyed the quantity and quality of dead Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees and wood-inhabiting cryptogams in a managed boreal forest landscape in northern Sweden. Size and decay of dead trees was related to substrate utilization by wood-inhabiting species. Coarse woody debris (CWD) was surveyed along 34 strip transects. CWD and wood-inhabiting cryptogams were surveyed in eight circular plots at each site. A total of 6195 spruce CWD units occurred along strip transects and 809 spruce CWD units in circular plots. On average 2.2 m3/ha spruce CWD was found on the plots. The majority (63%) of the transect CWD units were <10 cm diameter and in early to intermediate decay stages. Sixty-eight wood-specific species of fungi, lichens, mosses, and hepatics occurred on the plots. Of these, 13 occurred on [Formula: see text]5% of the 809 CWD units surveyed for wood-inhabiting species. Eight species occur on the Swedish red lists, indicating that such species are indeed uncommon in managed forests. Red-listed species showed strong preferences for large diameter CWD and CWD in late decay stages, i.e., substrates that are poorly represented in managed forests. Frequently occurring species, however, showed utilization patterns that correspond with the distribution of the substrate types.

scholarly journals Characteristics of coarse woody debris in the «Vepssky Forest» reserve, a reference of primeval middle boreal forests

2019 ◽  
pp. 198-211
Author(s):  
М.А. Шорохова ◽  
Г.В. Березин ◽  
Е.А. Капица ◽  
Е.В. Шорохова
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Forest Reserve

Для разработки стратегии управления крупными древесными остатками с целью восстановления биологического разнообразия и экосистемных функций интенсивно эксплуатируемых лесов необходимо знать эталонные характеристики крупных древесных остатков, т. е. их характеристики в лесах, не затронутых хозяйственной деятельностью в течение продолжительного времени. В коренных лесах естественные нарушения (пожары, ветровалы и вспышки размножения насекомых) приводят к образованию значительных объемов крупных древесных остатков. Исследования осуществляли в 2020 г. в лесном массиве резервата «Вепсский лес», расположенного на Вепсовской возвышенности, в восточной части Ленинградской области. Учет крупных древесных остатков проводили на 74 круговых пробных площадях по 0,1 га, заложенных регулярно и представляющих собой разнообразие возрастных и динамических состояний древостоев резервата. Оценены запасы крупных древесных остатков (КДО) в массиве коренных среднетаежных лесов резервата «Вепсский лес». Общий запас крупных древесных остатков на всех круговых пробных площадях (7,4 га) составил 14456 м3, варьируя от 30 м3га-1 до 532 м3га-1, составляя в среднем 195 м3га-1. Наибольший запас КДО, в среднем 231 м3га-1, отмечен в ельниках черничных на дренированных суглинках. Преобладающую часть составляли КДО ели (Picea abies) 2-го и 3-го классов разложения. Ветровальная динамика древостоев массива резервата «Вепсский лес» обусловила структуру пула КДО, который представлен, в основном, валежом и зависшими деревьями. Значительные запасы КДО, их разнообразие по древесным породам, категориям (положению субстрата) и степени разложения позволяет предположить наличие редких ксилофильных видов и высокое разнообразие ксилофильных сообществ в лесном массиве «Вепсский лес». Developing sustainable forest management strategy targeted to preserve biodiversity and forest ecosystem functions in managed forests requires knowledge of the characteristics of coarse woody debris in primeval (reference) forests. Natural disturbances such as fires, windthrows, and insect outbreaks cause significant tree stand mortality and consequently lead to the high input of coarse woody debris (CWD) [in primeval forests]. The study was carried out in 2020 in the «Vepssky Forest» reserve, which is situated in the eastern part of Leningrad region, Russia. The data were collected from 74 permanent circular sample plots (0.1 ha each). The tree stands were variable in terms of tree age structure, species composition, site type, and stage of successional dynamics. The stocks and diversity of CWD were evaluated in primeval forest ecosystems of the «Vepssky Forest» reserve. The volume of CWD varied from 30 to 532 m3ha-1, and averaged 195 m3ha-1. The highest amounts of CWD were found in the forest stands of Myrtillosum type (mean 231 m3ha-1). Norway spruce (Picea abies) CWD in the second and third decay classes had the highest share of all CWD volume.

scholarly journals The effect of forest management practices on deadwood resources and structure in protected and managed montane forests during tree-stand reconstruction after dieback of Norway spruce

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Staniaszek-kik ◽  
Jan Žarowiec ◽  
Damian Chmura
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Forest Management Practices ◽  
Protected Forests ◽  
The Mean

Forest management practices can not only influence the amount of deadwood but also the proportions of particular elements. The goal of the present paper was to compare the amount, number of logs, stumps and snags and their dendrometrical parameters between the protected and managed forests in the Karkonosze Mts after a huge dieback of Picea abies. A massive decline of Norway spruce has been observed since the 1980s. The protected forests belong to Karkonosze National Park and the managed forests are situated in its buffer zone. In total, 1336 elements of coarse woody debris (CWD) were included in the study. They were distributed on 180 study plots (10 m × 10 m) that were randomly selected. Among the deadwood elements, spruce Picea abies dominated (80.3%) followed by beech Fagus sylvatica (14.3%). Logs were more numerous in the protected forest (57.3%) than in the managed forests (42.7%). Snags and stumps were more frequent – 56.9% and 52.8%, respectively, in the managed forests than in the protected forests – 43.1% and 47.2%, respectively. The mean volume of CWD was ca 114 m3 ha-1 in the protected forests whereas ca 70 m3 ha-1 was in managed forests.The mean number of stumps per study plot was higher in the managed forests. The mean volume and mean area of logs were higher in the protected forest as was the mean volume and diameter at breast height, whereas the height of the snags was higher in the managed forests. In terms of differences in the decomposition of deadwood between the two types of forests, the mean weighted degree of decay on a five-degree scale amounted to 2.9 in the protected forests and 2.7 in the managed forests. A larger amount of deadwood as well as a greater volume and surface area are very important for nature conservation because deadwood can function as a niche for many saproxylobiont organisms. The forest management practices and especially the weak conditions of spruce lead to a larger number of snags in a managed forest due to the reconstruction of tree-stands and the removal of deadwood by foresters.

scholarly journals Wood-inhabiting fungal communities in woody debris of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), as reflected by sporocarps, mycelial isolations and T-RFLP identification

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Allmér ◽  
Rimvis Vasiliauskas ◽  
Katarina Ihrmark ◽  
Jan Stenlid ◽  
Anders Dahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Fungal Communities

Fine woody debris is important for species richness on logs in managed boreal spruce forests of northern Sweden

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. 1295-1299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Kruys ◽  
Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Fine Woody Debris ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Total Species Richness ◽  
Total Species

Species richness of wood-inhabiting cryptogams was compared on fine woody debris (FWD; diameter 5-9 cm) and coarse woody debris (CWD; diameter [Formula: see text]10 cm) logs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Data were collected from managed boreal forests of northern Sweden. Species richness was higher on CWD than FWD when equal numbers of logs were compared. When equal surface areas were compared, species richness on FWD and CWD did not differ. When equal volumes of CWD and FWD were compared, FWD had more species. This was an effect of surface area and log quantity, as a certain volume of FWD was composed of more logs and had greater surface area than the same volume of CWD. We varied woody debris volume and proportion of FWD in a simulation model of species richness on logs. At low volumes of woody debris, species richness increased with the proportion of FWD. At higher log volumes, species richness increased with the proportion of CWD. In managed forests where there are small amounts of woody debris, FWD is important for the total species richness on logs and should not be neglected despite the fact that species richness is generally positively correlated with log diameter.

scholarly journals Specific thylakoid protein phosphorylations are prerequisites for overwintering of Norway spruce (Picea abies) photosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (30) ◽  
pp. 17499-17509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Grebe ◽  
Andrea Trotta ◽  
Azfar Ali Bajwa ◽  
Ilaria Mancini ◽  
Pushan Bag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Artificial Induction ◽  
Photosynthetic Machinery ◽  
Freezing Temperatures ◽  
Sun And Shade ◽  
Evergreen Conifers

Coping of evergreen conifers in boreal forests with freezing temperatures on bright winter days puts the photosynthetic machinery in great risk of oxidative damage. To survive harsh winter conditions, conifers have evolved a unique but poorly characterized photoprotection mechanism, a sustained form of nonphotochemical quenching (sustained NPQ). Here we focused on functional properties and underlying molecular mechanisms related to the development of sustained NPQ in Norway spruce (Picea abies). Data were collected during 4 consecutive years (2016 to 2019) from trees growing in sun and shade habitats. When day temperatures dropped below −4 °C, the specific N-terminally triply phosphorylated LHCB1 isoform (3p-LHCII) and phosphorylated PSBS (p-PSBS) could be detected in the thylakoid membrane. Development of sustained NPQ coincided with the highest level of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS, occurring after prolonged coincidence of bright winter days and temperatures close to −10 °C. Artificial induction of both the sustained NPQ and recovery from naturally induced sustained NPQ provided information on differential dynamics and light-dependence of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS accumulation as prerequisites for sustained NPQ. Data obtained collectively suggest three components related to sustained NPQ in spruce: 1) Freezing temperatures induce 3p-LHCII accumulation independently of light, which is suggested to initiate destacking of appressed thylakoid membranes due to increased electrostatic repulsion of adjacent membranes; 2) p-PSBS accumulation is both light- and temperature-dependent and closely linked to the initiation of sustained NPQ, which 3) in concert with PSII photoinhibition, is suggested to trigger sustained NPQ in spruce.

scholarly journals Low-level retention forestry, certification, and biodiversity: case Finland

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Kuuluvainen ◽  
Henrik Lindberg ◽  
Ilkka Vanha-Majamaa ◽  
Petri Keto-Tokoi ◽  
Pekka Punttila
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Ecological Sustainability ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
Retention Forestry ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Retention Trees ◽  
Specific Species ◽  
Retention Practices

AbstractIn managed forests, leaving retention trees during final harvesting has globally become a common approach to reconciling the often conflicting goals of timber production and safeguarding biodiversity and delivery of several ecosystem services. In Finland, the dominant certification scheme requires leaving low levels of retention that can benefit some specific species. However, species responses are dependent on the level of retention and the current low amounts of retention clearly do not provide the habitat quality and continuity needed for declining and red-listed forest species which are dependent on old living trees and coarse woody debris. Several factors contribute to this situation. First, the ecological benefits of the current low retention levels are further diminished by monotonous standwise use of retention, resulting in low variability of retention habitat at the landscape scale. Second, the prevailing timber-oriented management thinking may regard retention trees as an external cost to be minimized, rather than as part of an integrated approach to managing the ecosystem for specific goals. Third, the main obstacles of development may still be institutional and policy-related. The development of retention practices in Finland indicates that the aim has not been to use ecological understanding to attain specific ecological sustainability goals, but rather to define the lowest level of retention that still allows access to the market. We conclude that prevailing retention practices in Finland currently lack ecological credibility in safeguarding biodiversity and they should urgently be developed based on current scientific knowledge to meet ecological sustainability goals.

scholarly journals Modeling of Dead Wood Potential Based on Tree Stand Data

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 913
Author(s):  
Ninni Mikkonen ◽  
Niko Leikola ◽  
Panu Halme ◽  
Einari Heinaro ◽  
Ari Lahtinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dead Wood ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
History Of

Here we present a framework for identifying areas with high dead wood potential (DWP) for conservation planning needs. The amount and quality of dead wood and dying trees are some of the most important factors for biodiversity in forests. As they are easy to recognize on site, it is widely used as a surrogate marker for ecological quality of forests. However, wall-to-wall information on dead wood is rarely available on a large scale as field data collection is expensive and local dead wood conditions change rapidly. Our method is based on the forest growth models in the Motti forest simulator, taking into account 168 combinations of tree species, site types, and vegetation zones as well as recommendations on forest management. Simulated estimates of stand-level dead wood volume and mean diameter at breast height were converted into DWP functions. The accuracy of the method was validated on two sites in southern and northeastern Finland, both consisting of managed and conserved boreal forests. Altogether, 203 field plots were measured for living and dead trees. Data on living trees were inserted into corresponding DWP functions and the resulting DWPs were compared to the measured dead wood volumes. Our results show that DWP modeling is an operable tool, yet the accuracy differs between areas. The DWP performs best in near-pristine southern forests known for their exceptionally good quality areas. In northeastern areas with a history of softer management, the differences between near-pristine and managed forests is not as clear. While accurate wall-to-wall dead wood inventory is not available, we recommend using DWP method together with other spatial datasets when assessing biodiversity values of forests.

Decay of Picea abies snag stands on steep mountain slopes

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D Kupferschmid Albisetti ◽  
Peter Brang ◽  
Walter Schönenberger ◽  
Harald Bugmann
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
Almost All

In a 30-ha Picea abies mountain forest in the Swiss Alps, almost all trees were killed by bark beetles (Ips typographus) between 1992 and 1996. Snag decay was studied using full-callipering within transects, and the height of lying logs above ground level was studied using the line intersect method. None of the dead trees had been uprooted, but 75% were found broken in 2000. The probability of snag breakage was independent of both tree diameter and time since stand death, but 28% of the snags broke close to the ground during a storm in December 1999. The log sections that were not in direct contact with the ground (73% of the log length sampled) were on average 85 cm above the soil surface in 2001. The orientation of the logs could be explained with the prevailing wind direction even on this steep slope. Leaving snag stands unharvested in P. abies forests on such slopes is likely to result in effective protection against rockfall and avalanche release for about 30 years. Key words: Norway spruce, bark beetle, decay process, rockfall, avalanche, mountain forest, Switzerland, decomposition, coarse woody debris

Modelled impact of Norway spruce logging residue extraction on biodiversity in Sweden

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1220-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Dahlberg ◽  
Göran Thor ◽  
Johan Allmér ◽  
Mats Jonsell ◽  
Mattias Jonsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Managed Forests ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Logging Residue ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Primary Substrate

Logging residues are increasingly being extracted for bioenergy purposes. This study estimates how extraction of fine woody debris (FWD) may affect the overall habitat availability for 577 species of wood- and bark-inhabiting basidiomycetes, beetles, and lichens in Sweden using Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) as their primary substrate. We combined modeling of (i) the amount of various types of woody debris available throughout a forest rotation in managed forests with (ii) a classification of each species’ associations with different types of wood. In three different regions, we compared a scenario with no logging residue extraction with three different levels of extraction. Our results suggest that the extraction may cause a 35%–45% reduction in aboveground FWD and a more than 20% decline in the potential amount of substrate for about 50% of the species (affecting basidiomycetes and beetles more than lichens). The intensified forestry during the last century has, however, steadily increased the production of FWD. Furthermore, no red-listed species is primarily associated with logging residues of Norway spruce. Therefore, the current situation in Sweden with extraction of 70% of Norway spruce FWD on 50% of the clearcuts probably constitutes a minor contribution to the regional extinction risks.

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