Canopy leaching, dry deposition, and cycling of calcium in Austrian oak stands as a function of calcium availability and distance from a lime quarry

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1388-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten W Berger ◽  
Gerhard Glatzel
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Calcium Availability ◽  
Forest Floor Soil ◽  
Pool Sizes ◽  
Regional Reference

Three Austrian oak stands were chosen along a 4-km distance gradient from a lime quarry to study effects of Ca availability both on dry deposition rates and on Ca cycling in these ecosystems. A fourth stand was used as a more regional reference site, some 30 km west of the lime quarry. Calcium bulk precipitation fluxes decreased with increasing distance from the lime quarry, contributing to major differences in available Ca along the transect over the last decades. Higher supply of Ca changed biogeochemical cycling by increasing pool sizes and fluxes of Ca in foliage, litter, throughfall, forest floor, soil, herbaceous vegetation, and soil solution. Regression analyses of net throughfall was a useful tool for separating between dry deposition and leaching of Ca. Dry deposition rates of particulate Ca declined rapidly with increasing distance from the Ca source. Leaching of Ca from the canopy declined along the gradient according to Ca content of the green foliage during the growing season. Leaching rates as a percentage of the stand's annual requirement indicated a relative shift from solid (litter) toward more solute Ca fluxes reaching the forest floor with increasing Ca availability of the stand.

Linear regression analyses with censored data: estimation of PAH washout ratios and dry deposition velocities to a snow surface

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh Sharma ◽  
Neil R. Thomson ◽  
Edward A. McBean
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Censored Data ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Deposition Velocity ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Doubly Censored Data ◽  
Doubly Censored ◽  
Censored Observations

Detection limits of analyzing instruments are the main reason for censored observations of pollutant concentrations. An iterative least squares method for regression analyses is developed to suit the doubly censored data commonly observed in environmental engineering. The modified iterative least squares method utilizes the expected values of censored observations estimated from the probability density function of doubly censored data in a regression process. The modified method is examined for bias in the estimation of the parameters of a linear model, and in the estimation of the standard deviation of the regression. A mechanistic model for atmospheric transport and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a snow surface is formulated by utilizing the long-term PAH retention property of deep snowpacks. The modified iterative least squares method is applied to estimate the deposition parameters (dry deposition velocity and washout ratio) for various PAH species, since some of the PAH deposition levels were below the minimum detection limit of the analyzing instrument. The estimated parameters are examined statistically, and compare favourably with previously reported estimates of these parameters. Key words: censored data, regression, iterative least squares, PAHs, dry deposition velocity, washout ratio.

Early growth of lodgepole pine after establishment of alsike clover–Rhizobium nitrogen-fixing symbiosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1089-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Trowbridge ◽  
F.B. Holl
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Foliar Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Needle Mass

An overdense lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stand was knocked down and the site was prepared by broadcast burn, windrow burn, or mechanical forest floor removal. Inoculated alsike clover (Trifoliumhybridum L.) was seeded at 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg/ha for the three different site preparation treatments to determine the effects of (i) site preparation on infection and effectiveness of the clover–Rhizobium symbiosis and clover percent cover and (ii) the clover–Rhizobium N2-fixing symbiosis on survival, early growth, and foliar nitrogen concentration of lodgepole pine seedlings. The N2-fixing symbiosis established well in all treatments. Clover percent cover increased with increasing rate of seeding, although by relatively few percent in the clover seeded plots. Broadcast burning, windrow burning, and mechanical forest floor removal did not affect the establishment of the N2-fixing symbiosis or clover percent cover. Lodgepole pine survival was not affected by the seeding treatments in any year, nor were height measurements during the first three growing seasons. Seedling height was slightly less in clover-seeded plots compared with controls in the fourth growing season. Lodgepole pine seedlings on clover-seeded plots had decreased diameter growth compared with controls during the first three growing seasons, but incremental diameter growth no longer showed this effect by the fourth growing season. Needle mass (g/100 needles) was less in clover-seeded plots at the end of the second growing season, but this effect was reversed by the fourth growing season, when both needle mass and foliar nitrogen concentration in lodgepole pine foliage were greater in clover-seeded plots.

Distillation in a boreal mossy forest floor

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
T J Carleton ◽  
K M.M Dunham
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Dry Down ◽  
Microclimate Monitoring ◽  
Capillary Wicking

The feathermoss-dominated floor of coniferous boreal forests can experience midsummer drought. From ecophysiological studies, based on single shoots, it is unclear how the live moss carpet can survive such stress. External capillary wicking from the lowest, moist organic layers is one possibility. Another is evaporation from the same source followed by condensation on the upper, live moss shoots (distillation). A laboratory wicking experiment showed that, under ideal conditions, much of the organic forest floor profile can be supplied with moisture by capillarity from below. However, the uppermost live moss shoots could not be hydrated by this mechanism. In contrast, a gravimetric field experiment indicated nocturnal mass gain by turves of live moss shoots, placed in situ on the forest floor, during dry-down conditions. For turf treatments with an underlying vapour barrier, no such mass gain was evident. Turf treatments with a vapour barrier on top were little different from controls. It is concluded that nocturnal distillation occurs during all summer dry-downs and that this is likely to ensure moss shoot survival during diurnal periods of drought stress. Limited microclimate monitoring indicated that nocturnal cooling at the forest floor surface was sufficient to bring the moss shoot surfaces to the dew point and to reverse the daytime temperature gradient through the organic forest floor profile. This appears to be most noticeable late in the growing season when the lowermost organic layers have progressively warmed throughout the summer.

Seasonal variations in black and organic carbon wet and dry deposition rates at SMEAR III station (60oN), Finland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Outi Meinander ◽  
Enna Heikkinen ◽  
Jonas Svensson ◽  
Minna Aurela ◽  
Aki Virkkula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Black Carbon ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Atmospheric Measurements ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Custom Made

<p>Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC, including brown carbon BrC) aerosols in the atmosphere, and their wet and dry deposition, are important for their climatic and cryospheric effects. Seemingly small amounts of BC in snow, of the order of 10–100 parts per billion by mass (ppb), have been shown to decrease its albedo by 1–5 %. Due to the albedo-feedback mechanism, surface darkening accelerates snow and ice melt. In snow, the temporal variability of light absorbing aerosols, such as BC, depends both on atmospheric and cryospheric processes, mostly on sources and atmospheric transport, and dry and wet deposition processes, as well as post-depositional snow processes.</p><p>We started a new research activity on BC and OC wet and dry deposition at Helsinki Kumpula SMEAR III station (60°12 N, 24°57 E, Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations, https://www.atm.helsinki.fi/SMEAR/index.php/smear-iii). The work included winter, spring, summer and autumn deposition samples during January 2019 - June 2020 (sampling is currently on hold). In winter, wet deposition consisted of snowfall and rainwater samples. Dry deposition samples were separately collected in 2020. For sample collection, a custom-made device, including a heating-system, was applied. The samples were analyzed using the OCEC analyzer of the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s aerosol laboratory, Helsinki, Finland. The special features in our deposition data are: </p><ul><li>seasonal BC, OC, and TC (total carbon, the sum of BC and OC) deposition data for an urban background station at 60 <sup>o</sup>N</li> <li>precipitation received as either water or snow  </li> <li>dry deposition samples included (only in 2020)</li> <li>data as wet and dry deposition rates [concentration/time/area]</li> <li>simultaneous atmospheric measurements of the SMEAR III station</li> </ul><p>Since our deposition samples are collected manually, the data are non-continuous, yet they allow us to provide deposition rates. Such data can be utilized in various modeling approaches including, for example, climate and long-range transport and deposition modeling. According to our knowledge, these data are the first BC (determined as elemental carbon, EC), OC and TC wet and dry deposition data to represent Finland. Our sampling location, north of 60 deg. N, can be useful for other high-latitude studies and Arctic assessments, too.</p><p><em>Acknowledgements. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Academy of Finland NABCEA-project of Novel Assessment of Black Carbon in the Eurasian Arctic (no. 296302) and the Academy of Finland Flagship funding (grant no. 337552).</em></p>

scholarly journals Predicting forest site productivity in temperate lowland from forest floor, soil and litterfall characteristics using boosted regression trees

2011 ◽  
Vol 354 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Aertsen ◽  
Vincent Kint ◽  
Bruno De Vos ◽  
Jozef Deckers ◽  
Jos Van Orshoven ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Regression Trees ◽  
Boosted Regression Trees ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Site Productivity ◽  
Forest Floor Soil

Urban dew: Its composition and influence on dry deposition rates

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1389-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Mulawa ◽  
Steven H. Cadle ◽  
Frank Lipari ◽  
Carolina C. Ang ◽  
RenéT. Vandervennet
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Urban Dew

Atmospheric deposition and canopy interactions of nitrogen in forests

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1603-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary M. Lovett ◽  
Steven E. Lindberg
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Cloud Water ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total System ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Total Deposition

Wet deposition of nitrogen compounds was measured and dry and cloud water deposition were estimated at 11 forested sites in North America and one site in Europe. Dry deposition was a significant pathway of N input to all the forests, averaging 46% of the total deposition. At most of these sites, NH4+ was the dominant form of fixed N in the air, but HNO3 vapor dominated the dry deposition of N. Coarse-particle deposition was often important, but fine-particle deposition usually contributed only a small amount of the dry-deposited N. The deposition rates of inorganic N, which ranged between 4.8 and 27 kg N•ha−1•year−1, were generally much higher than has been reported by other studies measuring only wet or bulk deposition. The highest deposition rates were at the high-elevation sites in the southeastern and northeastern United States and much of the deposition at these sites was attributed to cloud water. Throughfall and stemflow (TF + SF) flux was also measured at all sites, and the net canopy exchange (NCE = (TF + SF)–total deposition) was found to be negative (indicating consumption of N in the canopy) for NH4+ and NO3−, and positive (indicating canopy release) for organic N. Past reports of canopy release of NO3− can probably be attributed to washoff of dry-deposited NO3− species. Consumption of inorganic N in the canopy ranged from 1 to 12 kg N•ha−1•year−1, and was highest in the spruce and spruce–fir stands. When organic N was included in the canopy N balance, the net canopy uptake of N was generally < 15% of the total system N requirement. Total N deposition was a linear function of wet deposition for low-elevation sites, and dry deposition was a linear function of the net throughfall flux for NO3−.

Dry deposition inferential measurement techniques—II. Seasonal and annual deposition rates of sulfur and nitrate

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2361-2370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tilden P. Meyers ◽  
Bruce B. Hicks ◽  
Rayford P. Hosker ◽  
James D. Womack ◽  
Lynne C. Satterfield
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Inferential Measurement ◽  
Annual Deposition

scholarly journals Size distribution of particulate mercury in marine and coastal atmospheres

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 10899-10909 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Feddersen ◽  
R. Talbot ◽  
H. Mao ◽  
B. C. Sive
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Coastal Site ◽  
Deposition Rates ◽  
Gaseous Elemental Mercury ◽  
Particulate Mercury ◽  
Marine Site

Abstract. A study was conducted to determine the size distribution of particulate mercury (HgP) at a marine and coastal site, and to compare the seasonal variability at both sites. Data was collected during summer 2009 and 2010, winter 2010, and spring 2010. Two cascade impactors were used to collect HgP in ten size fractions ranging from > 10 μm to < 0.4 μm. During summer 2009, HgP was found mainly (50–60%) in coarse fractions, 1.1 to 5.8 μm, composed of sea salt particles at both our coastal site (Thompson Farm) and marine site (Appledore Island). In winter, HgP at Thompson Farm was dominated (65%) by fine particles, while in spring and summer 2010, at both sites, HgP was distributed across the coarse and fine fractions (40% each). Using bulk filters to collect total HgP, we show a diurnal cycle that matches that of gaseous elemental mercury. Finally, dry deposition rates of HgP were calculated to be 1.7–2.8 ng m−2 day−1 in the summer, 4.6 ng m−2 day−1 in the winter, and 2.5 ng m−2 day−1 in the spring.

scholarly journals Changes in the Physical Properties of Precipitation in Pine Stands in the Area with A Low Degree of Air Pollution (Western Pomerania)

2013 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Kruszyk
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Bulk Precipitation ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Canopy Leaching ◽  
Pine Stands

Abstract The study presents the results of research conducted in the years 2010-2012 in pine stands in Western Pomerania. The research included physicochemical properties of bulk precipitation and throughfall. The results confirm that despite a decrease in the total throughfall in the interception process, the size of mineral and organic depositions in pine stands exceeded values recorded for bulk precipitation. It was caused both by the process of enriching the throughfall with (K+, Mg2+) rinsed out of needles and leaves and by washing off the dry deposition (NH4+, Cl-, Na+, SO42-, NO3 -). The share of leaching processes for K+ was 74.1%, while for Mg2+ 23.6% of the total load of these elements brought to the ground with throughfall. In the case of Ca2+ no canopy leaching was observed for this element. The throughfall acidification processes were mostly caused by NO3-.

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