Fractal analysis of foliage distribution in loblolly pine crowns

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Zeide
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Spatial Factors ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Single Crown ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Fractal Characteristics ◽  
Foliage Density ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

A new method for estimating fractal characteristics (fractal dimension and foliage density) of a single crown or its portions is developed. The proposed method operates with volume and mass of natural units of the crown, such as shoots and branches, rather than with numbers of regular cubes. Fractal dimension alone is not sufficient to describe foliage distribution in the crown because it says nothing about the density of foliage at a given point. The density is defined as the ratio of foliage mass to fractal volume it occupies. Fortunately, the intercept of the regression, which contains fractal dimension as the slope, provides a measure of foliage density. Thus the method makes it possible to separate purely spatial factors represented by fractal dimension from ecophysiological effects characterized by foliage density. Application of the method showed that neither fractal dimension nor foliage density of the studied loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) correlates with current diameter increment. At the same time, there is a pronounced negative correlation between fractal dimension and crown size. These results suggest that as crowns become larger, the amount of foliage located at the crown periphery increases in proportion to the foliage amount inside the crown. As a spin-off of this analysis, a method for estimating relative foliage density (defined as the ratio of actual to maximal foliage mass for a given branch) is developed.

Response of Newly Planted Loblolly Pines to Herbicide and Nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. McKee ◽  
Larry P. Wilhite
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Atlantic Coastal Plain ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Seedling Biomass ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Atlantic Coastal

Abstract In three separate studies on the Lower Atlantic Coastal Plain, sites were sheared, root-raked, and bedded, and phosphorus was applied. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were planted, and nitrogen fertilizer and preemergence herbicide were applied at several different times. In all three studies, loblolly pine responded positively in height, diameter, and aboveground biomass to herbicide applied in the spring following planting. Responses to nitrogen application were inconsistent. A pronounced increase in growth was found in only one study. There, a nitrogen and a herbicide treatment interacted to give a three-fold increase in aboveground seedling biomass after one growing season. The lack of response to nitrogen in the other two studies may be attributable to low rainfall in the spring after planting and mineralization of native nitrogen from soil organic matter. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):33-36.

scholarly journals Effects of Early Release on Natural Versus Container Loblolly Pines 12 Years After Field Establishment

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael D. Cain ◽  
James P. Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Early Release ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Competition Control ◽  
Genetically Improved ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Genetically improved, container loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were compared to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site. Crop pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 2 ft radius of each stem. On release plots, woody competition was controlled by hand-cutting for 5 consecutive yr and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive yr after pine establishment. Competition control increased 12 yr survival by 68 percentage points for natural pines and by 47 percentage points for planted pines. Twelve years after field establishment, mean-tree volume of planted pines was no different than that of naturally established pines. Nevertheless, volume gains of 150% to 200% were achieved within regeneration techniques as a result of release. South. J. Appl. For. 26(4):173–180.

Thinning Young Loblolly Pine Stands With Fire

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Wade
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Stem Girdling

The relationship between fire-caused stem girdling and groundline diameter (GLD) in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was determined. Results of 10 experimental prescribed bums conducted across a wide range of ambient temperature conditions during both the dormant and growing season demonstrate that low-intensity backing fires (< 346 KW/m) are an effective tool to eliminate loblolly pines less than 3.8 cm (1.5 in.) GLD. Wide differences in ambient temperature at time of burning did not affect stem kill of unscorched trees in this study. Virtually all fire-caused mortality took place within four months postburn. A predictive model that explained 92% of the variation in mortality was developed to facilitate the use of fire to thin young, overcrowded loblolly pine stands in the southeastern United States. Use of this model in conjunction with a preburn stand survey allows estimation of the number and distribution of survivors prior to ignition.

scholarly journals Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellis V. Hunt ◽  
J. David Lenhart
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
East Texas ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Fusiform Rust ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Four surveys of pine plantations in East Texas between 1969 and 1984 indicate that fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) infection rates are increasing on slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and either decreasing or about constant on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Currently, stem infections occur on about 1 in 2 slash pines and 1 in 14 loblolly pines. South. J. Appl. For. 10:215-216, Nov. 1986.

scholarly journals Impact of Systemic Fungicides on Lesions Formed by Inoculation with the Bluestain Fungus (Ophiostoma minus) in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 288-292
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
Brian Strom ◽  
Cavell Brownie ◽  
Kier Klepzig
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Ophiostomatoid Fungi ◽  
Systemic Fungicides ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
The Impact

Ophiostomatoid fungi are important components within the highly damaging insect-fungal complexes attacking trees in North America. This group includes the disease agents responsible for Dutch elm disease and laurel wilt, as well as a number of associates of tree-killing bark beetles. While systemic fungicides have been applied against ophiostomatoids in certain fungus-host systems, the breadth of their utility and their management implications for a wide array of fungus and host species remain uncertain. To evaluate the impact of commercially available fungicides against the bluestaining fungus Ophiostoma minus, an associate of the southern pine beetle, researchers conducted two experiments with loblolly pines (Pinus taeda; mean dbh 14.2 and 18.5 cm, respectively) in central Louisiana, U.S. The first experiment screened three fungicides (Alamo®, Arbotect® 20-S, and PHOSPHO-jet) for their systemic impacts on O. minus, and the second further evaluated the best performing product (Alamo) alone and in combination with Arbotect 20-S. In all cases, loblolly pines were stem-injected basally and challenged with inoculations of cultured O. minus at time periods ranging from 28 days to 738 days post-treatment. In both experiments, treatment of loblolly pines with Alamo produced the smallest lesion areas, indicating that this treatment was the most effective for limiting the within-tree growth of O. minus. This effect was still present more than two years post-treatment. The study authors conclude that Alamo is the most effective product of those evaluated for prophylactic treatment against O. minus, and suggest that evidence is building for the effectiveness of this product generally against ophiostomatoid fungi.

Incidence of Resin-Soaked Roots in Subsoiled Loblolly Pine Seed Orchards on Sandy Soils

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107
Author(s):  
R. S. Webb ◽  
S. A. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract The root systems of 70 loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) from three subsoiled seed orchards were excavated to determine the association of subsoiling with the incidence of resin-soaked lateral roots. The number of lateral roots and the proportion of resin-soaked and healthy root tissue were recorded. Chips from the resin-soaked margin of lateral roots were incubated for 10 days at 24°C on two general media and two media selective for Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Verticicladiella procera Kend. was isolated from 30 percent of the declining/subsoiled trees at one seed orchard. Monilia spp. were also isolated. Of the lateral roots severed by subsoiling, 60 percent were resin-soaked from 10 to 45 cm in length.

Incidental Observations on the Growth and Survival of Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in an Even-Aged Natural Stand

1990 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Author(s):  
M. D. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Size Difference ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Species composition and growth were monitored from age 6 to 14 years in a natural, even-aged stand of mixed loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. Six of 12 0.4-ac study plots were precommercially thinned at age 6 when pine density averaged 16,600 stems/ac At that time, loblolly accounted for 70% of all pines with the remaining 30% being shortleaf. From age 8 to 12, loblolly pines generally outgrew shortleaf pines in both thinned and unthinned conditions. From age 12 to 14, crop trees of loblolly pine on thinned plots generally grew better than shortleaf crop trees, but there was no statistically significant difference in crop-tree growth between species on the unthinned plots. At age 14, loblolly crop trees were generally larger than shortleaf crop trees; despite that size difference, shortleaf pine will probably continue to be represented in the canopy of the maturing stand. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):81-84.

Biological Notes on the Mealybug Dysmicoccus obesus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) on Loblolly Pine in Southern Arkansas

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Thompson ◽  
R. J. Colvin
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Dysmicoccus obesus (Lobdell) was first found in Arkansas in 1983 living in crevices, under bark scales of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.). Most mealybugs (77%) were found on the bole between 0–90 cm of the ground, and they showed slight preferences for the northern and southern bole exposures. Crematogaster ants were observed tending the mealybugs. Three broods per year were detected, with adults produced in May, July and September. Dysmicoccus obesus probably overwinter off the tree as immatures. Cytogenetic observations showed D. obesus was sexual and the sex ratio of eggs was 1:1. Males were never found. Mean fecundity was 300 ± 15 (SE). The documented occurrence of D. obesus from 10 southern and southeastern states suggests its distribution is probably throughout the range of its loblolly pine host. Records from Maryland indicate the mealybug also feeds on Virginia pine (P. virginiana Mill.).

The relationship of tree height and crown class to the induced plant defenses of loblolly pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (10) ◽  
pp. 2090-2092 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Paine ◽  
F. M. Stephen
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Pine Beetle ◽  
Loblolly Pines ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were inoculated with a fungus associated with the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., at three heights to determine whether the trees responded to infection differently at each height. Loblolly pines responded to inoculation of this fungus by producing lesions of various dimensions. These were dissected and weighed. Lesions had the same weight at all three heights up the stem. However, the extent (or intensity) of reaction to fungal infection and wounding varied as a function of crown class of the tree. The influence of site quality on induced defenses may be assessed using this technique.

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