Balsam woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae): effects on growth and abnormal wood production in Fraser fir seedlings as influenced by seedling genetics, insect source, and soil source

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2284-2294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hollingsworth ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratio ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Tree Genetics ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

Fraser fir, Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir., seedlings were grown in the greenhouse and at four field sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains to study the effects of infestation by the balsam woolly adelgid (BWA), Adelgespiceae (Ratz.). Swelling in the main stem was used as an indicator of abnormal wood (i.e., "rotholz") production induced by infestation. At three of the four field sites, the main stems of infested seedlings were significantly more swollen than those of uninfested seedlings. The amount of swelling caused by BWA generally was not affected by seed source (half-sib family), soil source (soil from higher or lower elevations), or interactions of these variables. At two of four field sites, infestation was associated with a significant increase in root:shoot ratio. Variability in root:shoot ratios and total dry weights of seedlings was influenced by interactions of infestation, soil source, and seed source. This result demonstrates that both tree genetics and environment play a significant role in the growth responses of infested Fraser fir seedlings. Results from the greenhouse study indicated that BWA might be represented by two or more biotypes in the southern Appalachians. Shoot weights and diameter increases were relatively large for Mount Mitchell seedlings infested by BWA from Mount Rogers, and relatively small when infested by BWA from Mount Mitchell. For seedlings from Mount Rogers, the converse was true. Overall, these results suggest that environment is probably more important than tree or insect genetics in explaining why so many infested trees have died in the Black Mountains of North Carolina.

The Effect of Adelgid-Altered Wood On Sapwood Conductance of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees

IAWA Journal ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hollingsworth ◽  
Udo Blum ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid

Potential sapwood flow rates were measured for Fraser fir sterns that previously had been infested by the balsam woolly adelgid. The amount of abnormal wood produced during infestation was inversely related to the flow rate and linearly related to the amount of heartwood area. These results support the hypothesis that abnormal wood production associated with adelgid infestation can lead to water stress in the crowns of infested trees. The data also suggest that adelgid infestation accelerates the formation of heartwood.

Effect of drought stress and infestation by the balsam woolly adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) on abnormal wood production in Fraser fir

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2295-2297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hollingsworth ◽  
Fred P. Hain
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Periods Of Stress ◽  
Wood Increment

Fraser fir (Abiesfraseri (Pursh) Poir.) seedlings were artificially infested with balsam woolly adelgid, Adelgespiceae (Ratz.), then subjected to drought-stress treatments. Infestation caused a distinct swelling in the main stem, caused by the accumulation of abnormal wood (i.e., "rotholz"). As expected, drought stress reduced diameter growth in the main stem. However, the reduction in wood increment caused by drought stress was relatively small for infested seedlings as compared with uninfested seedlings, owing to the production of rotholz. This implies that infested trees expend considerable energy and nutrients for the production of poorly functioning wood even during periods of stress. The implications of this research for interpreting patterns of tree mortality in the southern Appalachian Mountains are discussed.

NMR studies on Fraser fir Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir. lignins

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Yu. Balakshin ◽  
Ewellyn A. Capanema ◽  
Barry Goldfarb ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
John F. Kadla
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Coherence ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Multiple Quantum ◽  
Normal Wood ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence ◽  
Balsam Woolly Adelgid

Abstract The composition of mature, juvenile uninfested and juvenile infested Fraser fir wood (Rotholz) and the structures of lignins isolated from these woods were elucidated to verify differences between juvenile and mature wood and the effect of balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) infestation. Milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from mature, juvenile and Rotholz wood were comprehensively characterized using heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) and quantitative 13C NMR techniques. The Rotholz wood was found to have ∼13% higher lignin content and more than five-fold the amount of galactans than that of the uninfested wood. Rotholz lignin possesses higher amounts of p-hydroxyphenyl units and aliphatic OH groups and a lower amount of alkyl-O-alkyl linkages and dibenzodioxocin moieties. The degree of condensation of the Rotholz lignin was rather similar to that of normal wood. Only small differences in the structure of mature and juvenile wood components were found.

Adelges piceae. [Distribution map].

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Adelges Piceae ◽  
New Distribution ◽  
Distribution In Europe

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Adelges piceae (Ratzeburg) [Dreyfusia piceae]. Hemiptera: Adelgidae. Hosts: balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), and other Abies spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Albania, Austria, Bosnia-Hercegovina, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy (Sicily), Lithuania, Macedonia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, UK), Asia (Turkey), North America (Canada (British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec), USA (California, Idaho, Maine, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia)), South America (Chile).

A METHOD OF SAMPLING THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID ON FRASER FIR IN NORTH CAROLINA

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 883-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Amman
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Negative Binomial Distribution ◽  
Binomial Distribution ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Woolly Aphid ◽  
The Mean

AbstractPopulations of the balsam woolly aphid on Fraser fir trees were sampled without replacement. Sampling frequency was based on the embryological period of the aphid at mean monthly temperatures in the field. The sample for each date consisted of 16 pieces of bark, 1/2 in. diameter, from each of 10 trees. Precision of the method was usually within ±10% of the mean. The largest proportion of variance was within trees. Stratification of samples by levels within trees decreased variance estimates.Frequency distributions of counts of most stages of the aphid approximated the negative binomial distribution. Therefore, data were transformed to logarithms in order to approximate the normal distribution.

scholarly journals A Limited Rapid Assessment of Forest Regeneration in 24 Cypress and Tupelo Bottomland Swamps Following Clearcutting and Shovel Logging in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 854
Author(s):  
James N. Slye ◽  
Albert J. Lang ◽  
Tom A. Gerow
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Altered Hydrology ◽  
Species Composition Change

A rapid regeneration survey within twenty-four deepwater swamps between stand ages 2 and 14 years in the North Carolina coastal plain was conducted by using a narrow rectangular inventory technique (“strip cruise”). Inventoried tracts predominantly contained cypress (Taxodium distichum) and tupelo (Nyssa species) before being harvested via clearcutting methods. Single transects on each tract began at coordinates located in the interior of the harvest areas in locations representing general tract conditions. Each transect was perpendicular to the flow of the major stream drainage associated with the harvest area. Counts and measures of dead and live stumps and seed-sourced regeneration were recorded. About 52 percent of desirable timber species stumps tallied had coppice growth. However, coppice alone was not sufficient on any tract to exceed 1112 trees ha−1. Seventy-one percent of tracts had stocking levels (coppice and seed source) at least 1112 trees ha−1 of desirable timber species or black willow (Salix nigra). Across 24 tracts, 42 percent regenerated cypress and/or tupelo to levels exceeding 1112, trees ha−1. This assessment revealed that forest regeneration success was limited on sites with altered hydrology, rampant invasive species, and/or lack of seed source. In some cases, active forest management may improve the regeneration cohort. Overall, shovel logging methods that were used on evaluated sites appear to be compatible with adequate regeneration of desirable timber species if the proper conditions exist. Additionally, we assessed species’ composition within a harvested stand measured at age eight years (a previous study) and age 68 years (measured for this study), for a comparison perspective. Results revealed a species composition change from willow at age eight years to a mixed stand of desirable timber species at age 68 years. This finding supports other studies that have recorded the successional pattern of pioneering willow shifting to desirable timber species as willow stagnates and diminishes in abundance due to natural mortality.

scholarly journals Incidence of Phytophthora Root Rot of Fraser Fir in North Carolina and Sensitivity of Isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi to Metalaxyl

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (6) ◽  
pp. 661-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Benson ◽  
L. F. Grand
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The State ◽  
Systematic Sampling ◽  
Phytophthora Root Rot ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Old Trees

A survey of Fraser fir Christmas trees in North Carolina for incidence of Phytophthora root rot was conducted during 1997 and 1998. Field sites (7- to 13-year-old trees) and nursery transplant beds (4- to 5-year-old trees) selected at random were surveyed based on foliar symptoms of Phytophthora root rot. Field sites were surveyed with a random transect method (>3,000 trees/field) or by counting all trees (<3,000 trees/field). Overall, incidence of Phytophthora root rot averaged 9% over the 58 field sites sampled, with a range of 0 to 75%. No relationship was found between number of years Fraser fir had been planted in the field site and disease incidence. Disease incidence did not increase as field sites were rotated through second or third crops of Fraser fir. Phytophthora spp. were recovered from 1.8% of asymptomatic trees sampled from 58 field sites across the state. P. cinnamomi accounted for 91% of the Phytophthora isolates recovered. In nursery transplant beds where a systematic sampling procedure was used, incidence of diseased trees averaged 2%, with a range of 0 to 12% across 16 locations. Recovery of Phytophthora spp. averaged 1.2% from root samples collected from 50 asymptomatic seedlings at each location. Isolates collected from the field and nursery transplant beds were grown on cornmeal agar incorporated with 0, 1, 1.25, 10, or 100 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. All 166 isolates of P. cinnamomi tested were sensitive to metalaxyl at 1 or 1.25 μg a.i. metalaxyl/ml. Although incidence of Phytophthora root rot has not increased in the state compared to a survey done in 1976 to 1977, the disease continues to limit production of Fraser fir in North Carolina.

Variability in metribuzin tolerance among ruderal and agrestal populations of Solanum ptycanthum Dun.

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Hermanutz ◽  
S. E. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Population Variability ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Eastern Black Nightshade ◽  
Solanum Ptycanthum ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Production Areas

Solanum ptycanthum Dun. is an annual weed of both agrestal and ruderal habitats in southern Ontario, which is the northern limit of its distribution. Plants of S. ptycanthum are introduced annually to the tomato-production areas of Ontario via the importation of tomato transplants from Georgia and North Carolina. The objective of this study was to test for genetic differences in tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin among agrestal and ruderal populations from southwestern Ontario and agrestal populations from Georgia and North Carolina. We compared growth responses among and within populations to low (0.4 kg a.i. ha−1) and high (0.9 kg a.i. ha−1) doses of metribuzin applied postemergence in greenhouse trials. Only the Ontario agrestal populations had been previously exposed to metribuzin. Ontario populations, regardless of habitat of origin, were significantly more tolerant of low and high doses of metribuzin than Georgia populations. Ruderal populations were more susceptible than Ontario agrestal populations to the higher dose of metribuzin. North Carolina seedlings were as tolerant as Ontario agrestal populations. These results suggest a genetic basis for tolerance differences unrelated to previous exposure. Overall intra-population variability in response to metribuzin was low, although the Ontario agrestal populations showed significant within-population variability in height and leaf growth in response to low and high doses of metribuzin. This suggests that the ability to respond to selection may differ among populations. Lack of significant levels of genetically based plasticity also suggests that herbicide-dependent selection within populations would be minimal. Key words: Eastern black nightshade, metribuzin, genetic variability, Solanum ptycanthum

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