Adaptive variation in Piceamariana from northwestern Ontario determined by short-term common environment tests

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1653-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Parker ◽  
Annette Van Niejenhuis ◽  
Paul Charrette
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

To obtain a better understanding of the pattern of adaptive variation of Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P. from northwestern Ontario, a short-term provenance test was carried out for 75 seed sources collected east and west of Lake Nipigon. Provenances were grown in common environments at a greenhouse for two seasons (1990–1991) and a farm field and a forestry trial each for four growing seasons (1990–1993). Twenty-five growth and phenological variables were determined, including seedling height, needle flushing date, and the timing of shoot elongation. Significant levels of interprovenance variation were present for 18 of these variables. Graphic analysis of the pattern of variation indicated that sources from the southwestern portion of the collected area generally grew faster and flushed later than easterly sources near the north shore of Lake Superior. Superimposed on this general pattern were several irregularities caused by one or more provenances. Multiple regressions were run for each of the 18 variables against latitude, elevation, and 12 climatic variables interpolated for each of the seed sources by a geographic information system from 1951–1980 data obtained from 56 nearby weather stations. Large coefficients of variation (up to 0.57) were obtained for some variables. Combinations of climatic variables, including winter minimum and summer maximum temperatures together with precipitation and timing of the growing season, were excellent predictors of black spruce needle flushing dates, while summer temperature, precipitation, and elevation were moderately good predictors of height growth.

Regression-based focal point seed zones for Picea mariana from northwestern Ontario

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (8) ◽  
pp. 1227-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Parker ◽  
Annette van Niejenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Adaptive Variation ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Seed Zones ◽  
Point Seed

The results of a recent study of adaptive variation of black spruce in northwestern Ontario, together with additional freezing damage data, were used to produce regression-based focal point seed zones for this species. The procedure required two data bases as follows: (i) the biological data derived from two common garden growth trials, one greenhouse trial, and freezing trials of 75 black spruce seed sources and (ii) climatic data for the period 1951 – 1980. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to summarize the main components of growth and freezing variation, and the PCA axis scores for the seed sources were regressed against climatic variables. The regression equations were used to model the patterns of adaptive variation, and these patterns were graphically reproduced as contour maps by a geographic information system (GIS). A series of focal point seed zone maps for black spruce was produced by GIS intersection of the regression-based contour maps. Focal point seed zones were more restricted in the south near Lake Superior, reflecting the more rapidly changing climate in this part of the study area. Since black spruce is closely adapted to local climate, these results will be useful to formulate successful seed transfers in this area. There are additional potential applications for matching seed sources to changing climates and for the identification of genetically unique populations. Keywords: black spruce, Picea mariana, adaptive variation, focal point seed zones.

scholarly journals A red pine provenance test in northwestern Ontario: 48-year results

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali A Rahi ◽  
Colin Bowling ◽  
Dale Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Significant Variation ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Provenance Trial ◽  
Maritime Provinces ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Provenance Test

Survival, total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured in the fall of 2005 in a 48-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) provenance trial growing in northwestern Ontario. There was significant variation in both height and diameter among the 23 provenances. Generally, westerly provenances performed well while those from the Maritime Provinces exhibited relatively poor growth. Considering that the plantation is at the northern biological range of red pine, survival was high, averaging 96% after 48 years. Provenances with the best growth rates exceeded a volume of 420 m3 ha-1. Some provenances from Minnesota and Wisconsin as well as Fort Frances, Ontario exhibited superior growth and should be considered as seed sources for future planting programs in northwestern Ontario. Key words: red pine, provenance test, survival, diameter, height, volume, Northwestern Ontario

Features of degenerative mitral valve prolapse in the North East of China: repair characteristics, and short-term follow-up results

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Corona ◽  
Paolo Barbier ◽  
Guangyu Liu ◽  
Osafo A. Annoh ◽  
Marcio Scorsin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitral Valve ◽  
Mitral Valve Prolapse ◽  
Short Term ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Breeding implications of juvenile selection in a range-wide black spruce provenance test

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 933-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Nienstaedt
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
Full Complement ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Growth Differences

Using 3-year heights, the tallest 49 provenances were selected in a nursery test of 110 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) provenances. A field test of the selected provenances was planted in Wisconsin; two tests of 108 provenances, both in Minnesota. Characteristics evaluated in the nursery included heights after two, three, and five growing seasons, and growth initiation and cessation in the second and third growing season. Heights were measured in the field tests. Separate statistical analyses, ANOVA and simple correlation, were used for the full complement of provenances and for those that were selected. All nursery characteristics varied significantly; the correlations between latitude and height decreased with age, and were not significant after five season's growth. Differences among provenances in free growth may explain this. Selection at age 3 years was not effective; too many selection errors were evident in the test of the full complement of provenances. Early selection on the basis of heights and phenological characteristics is not an effective way of reducing large range-wide provenance tests to breeding populations.

Direct seeding of black spruce in northwestern Ontario: Seedbed relationships

1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Fleming ◽  
D. S. Mossa
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

A series of spot seeding experiments was set out on coarse-textured upland sites in northwestern Ontario to investigate how black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedling establishment and growth could be improved by site selection and seedbed preparation. Virtually all germination occurred within the first growing season. Annual seedling mortality rates were greatest during the first year, then declined steadily and stabilized at low levels (<10%) after the third year. The highest fifth-year establishment ratios (seedlings/viable seed sown) were found on seedbeds derived from materials near the mineral soil/humus interface. On wetter sites (i.e., higher Soil Moisture Regimes) the best seedbeds occurred closer to the soil surface. Mean fifth year establishment ratios for the best seedbeds were 0.032 on moderately fresh to fresh sites, 0.146 on very fresh to moderately moist sites, and 0.082 on moist to very moist sites. On adjacent lowland sites, slow-growing, compact Sphagnum mosses had a mean establishment ratio of 0.179. Mean fifth-year seedling heights on upland sites ranged from 12 to 14 cm, and were not strongly correlated with site or seedbed type. Key words: direct seeding, black spruce, seedbed, seedling establishment, site type and germination

Changes in DOC and DON fluxes in response to harvest intensity of black-spruce-dominated forest ecosystems in northwestern Ontario

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dave M Morris
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Site Type ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Clearcut Harvesting ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Site Types

The current study was conducted to quantify and compare dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) fluxes through black-spruce-dominated forests, to compare the source/sink characteristics of sphagnum- versus feathermoss-dominated forest floors, and to identify changes in DOC and DON flow patterns occurring as a result of clearcut harvesting. After 2 yr of pre-harvest monitoring, replicated, experimental harvests of varying intensities of biomass removals were conducted followed by 4 yr of post-harvest sampling. Prior to harvest, the upland site type, dominated by feathermoss, was a significant source of DOC and DON, whereas, the wet-sphagnum-dominated sites exported minor amounts of these solutes. After harvest, DOC and DON fluxes peaked in the second year, but then dropped off significantly to at or below pre-harvest levels. On the upland site type, chipper debris appeared to be a major source of DOC and DON generating fluxes well above the pre-harvest levels. On the wetter site types, it appeared that microclimate differences between harvest treatments had a stronger influence on DOC and DON production than did the amount or type of harvest residue. Full-tree harvesting did not significantly alter the production of DOC and DON when compared with stem-only harvesting on the sites included in this study. Key words: DOC, DON, forest floor leachate, black spruce, harvesting response

Influence of short-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment on growth, allocation patterns, and biochemistry of black spruce seedlings at different stages of development

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 773-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel A. Campagna ◽  
Hank A. Margolis
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino Acids ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates

Black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana Mill.) were exposed to either elevated (1000 ppm) or ambient (340 ppm) atmospheric CO2 levels at different stages of seedling development over a winter greenhouse production cycle. Seedlings germinated in early February and were placed in CO2 chambers for either 3 or 6 weeks during March, April, May, or August. Total seedling biomass increased under high CO2 conditions for the March, April, and May stages of development, but showed no significant response in August. The greater part of the CO2 response occurred during the second 3 weeks of exposure in March and April but during the first 3 weeks of exposure in May. In September, those seedlings exposed to CO2 in April and May had 30 and 14%, respectively, greater biomass than control seedlings, but seedlings from the other stages of development no longer had significant differences remaining from the CO2 treatment. This suggests that it could be very efficient to give a short well-timed CO2 pulse at the beginning of the production cycle in hopes of producing a size difference that is maintained throughout the remainder of the greenhouse production cycle under ambient levels of CO2. Short-term exposure to elevated CO2 also increased the ratio of shoot dry weight to total height for the March, April, and May stages of development. The ratio of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.98) with the allocation of new growth between shoots and roots as measured by the allocation coefficient, k (milligrams shoot growth per milligrams root growth). As seedlings developed along their seasonal growth cycle, ratios of total nonstructural carbohydrates to free amino acids increased and the values for k decreased. The effect of CO2 enrichment on these two factors is discussed. Monitoring total nonstructural carbohydrate and free amino acid concentrations in foliage could have potential as a method to predict the percentage of carbon allocated to root systems of entire forest stands as well as of individual tree seedlings.

Overburden geochemical signature of the Lac des Iles platinum group element deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 1151-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J Barnett
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Rock Fragments ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Airborne Contamination ◽  
The Many ◽  
Lac Des Iles

Many previously published studies of the behaviour of Pt and Pd in till and soils have been done in areas of complex stratigraphy or very thin overburden cover, making the interpretation of soil results difficult because of the many variables associated with these settings. At the Lac des Iles mine site in northwestern Ontario, there are excellent exposures of the overburden in a series of exploration trenches. Glacial dispersal trains can be observed in till (C horizon) geochemistry (e.g., Ni, Cr, Cu, and Co). Regional geochemical dispersal trains of elements, such as Ni, Cr, Mg, and Co associated with the North Lac des Iles intrusion, can be detected for about 4 km beyond the western margin of the Mine Block intrusion. Entire dispersal trains range from 5 to 7 km in length and about 1 to 2 km in width. The dispersal of North Lac des Iles intrusion rock fragments tends to mask the response of the Mine Block intrusion. Dispersal trains of Pt and Pd are not well defined and tend to be very short, <1 km in length, due to the initial low concentrations of these elements in C-horizon till samples from the Lac Des Iles area. An exception to this is the Pd dispersal train originating from the high-grade zone that is up to 3 km long. Pd, Pt, Ni, and Cu appear to be moving both within and out of the soil system downslope into surface and shallow groundwater. It is suggested that these elements, to varying degrees, are moving in solution. Airborne contamination from mine operations of the humus has adversely affected the ability to determine the effectiveness of humus sampling for mineral exploration at Lac des Iles. The airborne contamination likely influences the geochemical results from surface water, shallow groundwater, and near-surface organic bog samples, particularly for the elements Pd and Pt.

Short-term tilt anomalies preceding local earthquakes near San Jose, California

1980 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2221-2228
Author(s):  
C. E. Mortensen ◽  
E. Y. Iwatsubo
Keyword(s):  
Partial Recovery ◽  
San Jose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Origin Time ◽  
Central California ◽  
Local Earthquakes ◽  
The North ◽  
Surface Creep ◽  
The Times ◽  
Black Mountain

abstract A tilt anomaly preceded a pair of earthquakes (ML = 4.2, origin time 0014 UTC, and ML = 3.9, origin time 0018 UTC, both on 29 August 1978) on the Calaveras Fault near San Jose, California. These earthquakes occurred at hypocentral depths of 8.5 and 9.0 km, respectively, and were located 6.7 and 5.2 km northwest of the Mt. Hamilton tiltmeter site. The anomaly is similar in shape and time scale to signals observed on other tiltmeters at the times of recorded surface creep events. The anomaly began approximately 40 hr before the earthquake pair and consisted of gradual down-to-the-east tilting followed by rapid tilting down-to-the-north-northeast at a rate of 12 μrad/hr. This was followed by 1 hr of rapid down-to-the-east tilting amounting to 1.5 μrad. The maximum peak tilt of 10.6 μrad down-to-the-northeast was followed by gradual decelerating tilting down-to-the-southwest constituting partial recovery. An anomaly of nearly identical form, but smaller in amplitude and duration, preceded an ML = 2.2 aftershock on 5 September 1978. Other nearby earthquakes as large as ML = 4.7 have occurred without accompanying creep-like signals. A similar, but a much smaller (0.74 μrad) creep-event-like signal preceded an ML = 3.5 earthquake with epicenter 3 km east of the Black Mountain tiltmeter site. In general, however, short-term tilt anomalies such as these are not observed to precede local earthquakes within the central California tiltmeter network. The tilt signal preceding the 29 August earthquake pair may be interpreted in terms of a model of a propagating creep event, at depth, associated with seismic failure at a “stuck” patch on the fault. However, the data are not adequate to constrain the model sufficiently to constitute a test of the hypothesis.

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