Genetic variation in first-year slash pine shoot components and their relationship to mature field performance

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1557-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. Smith ◽  
T.L. White ◽  
G.R. Hodge ◽  
M.L. Duryea ◽  
A.J. Long
Keyword(s):  
Selection Index ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Free Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Multitrait Selection ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Seedlings of 64 open-pollinated slash pine (Pinuselliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) families were grown from seed to 24 weeks of age in raised outdoor boxes under two nitrogen treatments (5 and 50 ppm). Twenty-six shoot characteristics were measured, of which the most promising 12 were evaluated for use in a multitrait selection index to predict parental breeding values of 5- and 15-year field volume growth. Genetic parameters were estimated for each seedling trait and shoot components were analyzed for their contribution to total height increment. Number of stem units was the most important contributor to total height in both nitrogen treatments. Heritabilities were generally higher for all traits in the high-nitrogen regime (h2 = 0.13–0.66). All traits displayed moderate to high genetic stability across both treatments (type B genetic correlations = 0.64–1.32). Total number of stem units (low-nitrogen treatment), free growth stem unit number (low-nitrogen treatment), and caliper (high-nitrogen treatment) exhibited the strongest genophenotypic correlations with 15-year volume (rjm = 0.35–0.39). All possible combinations of two- and three-trait indices were calculated to derive correlations between predicted genetic values and true genetic values (corr (g,ĝ)). Cyclic growth length (high-nitrogen treatment), total height (low-nitrogen treatment), and free growth stem units (low-nitrogen treatment) combined to form the most precise three trait index for predicting 15-year volume growth (corr(g,ĝ) = 0.56). Total number of stem units, total flushes, and total mean stem unit length in the low-nitrogen treatment along with cyclic number of stem units and caliper in the high-nitrogen treatment were also determined to be of potential use in a multitrait selection index based on their heritabilities, juvenile–mature correlations, and performance in two- and three-trait indices.

The effect of nitrogen and copper on characteristics of wood tissue in Pinusradiata

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1369-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey M. Downes ◽  
Nigel D. Turvey
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Stem Deformation ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Stem Lignin ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Seedling form, biomass production, and wood characteristics were examined in Pinusradiata D. Don seedlings grown in a glasshouse under the influence of high or low nitrogen concentrations and with or without copper treatments. Environments with low amounts of copper resulted in severe stem deformation associated with low foliar copper concentrations and low lignification of wood. High-nitrogen treatments resulted in an increase in foliar biomass production and stem deformation and a reduction in root biomass but did not increase stem height. Stem lignin concentrations were positively correlated with foliar copper concentrations. Low lignification of wood was found to be responsible for an inability to recover from deformation rather than an increased susceptibility to deformation. Similarly, the high-nitrogen treatment was associated more with impairing seedling recovery than with increasing susceptibility to deformation. Reductions in the net microfibril angle in the wood cell wall were positively correlated with stem lean but were not associated with any treatment effects.

A comparison of leaf and ear development in barley cultivars as affected by nitrogen supply

1978 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Dale ◽  
R. G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Opposing Effects ◽  
Low Nitrogen

SummaryTwenty-one two-row and 19 six-row barley cultivars, originating from the major barley growing areas, were compared in a duplicated experiment conducted under controlled environment conditions. Plants were grown in sand and supplied nitrate at two concentrations.Number of leaves on the mainstem and leaf emergence rate both varied widely but there were no consistent differences between two- and six-row cultivars. The low nitrogen treatment led to significant reductions in number of leaves and emergence rates. As a result of these opposing effects the time of appearance of the flag leaf was not affected by treatment. The number of leaves unfolded was a linear function of time where nitrogen was supplied at high concentration but for plants supplied with low nitrogen, appearance of the third and fourth leaves was considerably delayed. Cultivars producing fewer leaves on the mainstem also showed faster leaf emergence and both these factors contributed to the earliness of a cultivar.Low nitrogen treatments reduced number of spikelets per ear in both two-row and six-row barleys; this treatment also reduced the number of grain filled, although mean grain weight was not affected. Faster leaf emergence rates were associated with fewer spikelets per ear in both nitrogen treatments.Since they are based on a relatively large number of cultivars it is likely that these results are general for barley. The importance of further detailed examination of apical development is indicated.

Sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer effects on wheat. I. Concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen and the nitrogen to sulfur ratio in grain, in relation to the yield response

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Randall ◽  
K Spencer ◽  
JR Freney
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Sulfur Concentration ◽  
Seed Analysis ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Grain samples from a factorial (5 sulfur x 3 nitrogen treatments) field experiment with Olympic wheat, which showed yield responses to both factors, were analysed for total sulfur and nitrogen. Sulfur application increased the grain sulfur concentration more with high than with low nitrogen treatment, but had only small effects on the nitrogen concentration in grain. Nitrogen application increased the grain sulfur concentration at high but not low sulfur and increased grain nitrogen concentration at all sulfur treatment levels. The critical grain sulfur value for yield was 0.12% in treatments adequately supplied with nitrogen, but plots with low nitrogen (sulfur-unresponsive) also had grain sulfur values below 0.12 %. Grain from sulfur-responsive plants could be distinguished from grain from unresponsive plants because the former had less than 0.12% sulfur and nitrogen/sulfur ratios wider than 17/1. Results from a glasshouse experiment with three cultivars were consistent with this. The findings suggest that seed analysis may be a useful method for diagnosis of the sulfur status of cereal crops.

Effects of fertiliser nitrogen and herbage dry-matter content on herbage intake and digestibility in bullocks

1963 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Holmes ◽  
R. W. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rain Water ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Fresh Cut ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Low Nitrogen

SUMMARY1. Two experiments were conducted, the first during May, July and August, 1958, and the second during August 1960. The first experiment measured the intake and digestive efficiency of cattle fed on fresh cut herbage from low-and high-nitrogen manuring treatments with and without irrigation. The second experiment tested the effect of water added to fresh cut herbage on the intake of cattle.2. Rainfall during the summer of the first experiment was high and irrigation had no effect on any of the criteria used.3. Although the dry-matter content of the fresh herbage from the high nitrogen treatment was consistently lower than that from the low nitrogen treatment (16·6% compared with 19·7% on average when free of surface moisture) the dry-matter intake was the same at 1·97 lb. dry matter per 100 lb. live-weight, on both herbages.4. The average digestibility of the high and low nitrogen treated herbage was 77·6% and 75·4%, the difference being significant. No scouring occurred. Digestibility was 78·9% in May, 76·1% in July and 74·5% in August (average of N levels).5. Rain water carried on the leaf surface was shown to have no effect on dry-matter intake.6. It is concluded that the dry-matter intake of cattle feeding on fresh herbage is unlikely to be restricted either by a high internal water content in the herbage or by rain water on the leaf surface.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Levels Regulate Sugar Metabolism and Transport in the Shoot Tips of Crabapple Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Zhang ◽  
Simin Sun ◽  
Yonghui Liang ◽  
Baiyun Li ◽  
Songya Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Shoot Tips ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Nitrogen Treatment ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Shoot

To comprehensively understand the responses of carbohydrate metabolism and transport to different levels of nitrogen supply in growing shoot tips of crabapple (Malus hupehensis Rehd), enzyme activities and related genes involved in the sugar metabolism pathway were investigated. The nitrogen and chlorophyll content of plants increased with increasing nitrogen supply. High nitrogen application increased the net photosynthesis rate and the growth rate of shoot tips but decreased the synthesis capability of sucrose and sorbitol in mature leaves. However, the shoot tips of plants under high-nitrogen treatment had higher contents of sucrose and sorbitol than did those under low-nitrogen treatment, while the activity of sucrose phosphate synthase and aldose-6-phosphate was increased and the transporters MdSOT and MdSUT were up-regulated. Moreover, the activities of enzymes involved in sucrose and hexose metabolism (including sucrose synthase, fructokinase, and hexokinase) were enhanced in the shoot tips of plants under high-nitrogen conditions, and the expression levels of MdSUSY3 and MdHK1 were significantly up-regulated. These findings indicate that a high nitrogen supply increases the metabolic capacity of assimilatory substances in shoot tips, accelerates the efficiency of sugar utilization and eventually leads to a rapid increase in the growth of shoot tips. Our results highlight that high nitrogen increases the capacity of sugar unloading and metabolic utilization in growing shoot tissues.

scholarly journals Genome-wide association of rice response to blast fungus identifies loci for robust resistance under high nitrogen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Frontini ◽  
Arnaud Boisnard ◽  
Julien Frouin ◽  
Malika Ouikene ◽  
Jean Benoit Morel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Rice Blast ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Initial Finding ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Abstract Background Nitrogen fertilization is known to increase disease susceptibility, a phenomenon called Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility (NIS). In rice, this phenomenon has been observed in infections with the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. A previous classical genetic study revealed a locus (NIS1) that enhances susceptibility to rice blast under high nitrogen fertilization. In order to further address the underlying genetics of plasticity in susceptibility to rice blast after fertilization, we analyzed NIS under greenhouse-controlled conditions in a panel of 139 temperate japonica rice strains. A genome-wide association analysis was conducted to identify loci potentially involved in NIS by comparing susceptibility loci identified under high and low nitrogen conditions, an approach allowing for the identification of loci validated across different nitrogen environments. We also used a novel NIS Index to identify loci potentially contributing to plasticity in susceptibility under different nitrogen fertilization regimes. Results A global NIS effect was observed in the population, with the density of lesions increasing by 8%, on average, under high nitrogen fertilization. Three new QTL, other than NIS1, were identified. A rare allele of the RRobN1 locus on chromosome 6 provides robust resistance in high and low nitrogen environments. A frequent allele of the NIS2 locus, on chromosome 5, exacerbates blast susceptibility under the high nitrogen condition. Finally, an allele of NIS3, on chromosome 10, buffers the increase of susceptibility arising from nitrogen fertilization but increases global levels of susceptibility. This allele is almost fixed in temperate japonicas, as a probable consequence of genetic hitchhiking with a locus involved in cold stress adaptation. Conclusions Our results extend to an entire rice subspecies the initial finding that nitrogen increases rice blast susceptibility. We demonstrate the usefulness of estimating plasticity for the identification of novel loci involved in the response of rice to the blast fungus under different nitrogen regimes.

Breeding for improved growth and juvenile corewood stiffness in slash pine

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1886-1893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobo Li ◽  
Dudley A. Huber ◽  
Gregory L. Powell ◽  
Timothy L. White ◽  
Gary F. Peter
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Narrow Sense Heritability ◽  
Improvement Programs

The importance of integrating measures of juvenile corewood mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity in particular, with growth and disease resistance in tree improvement programs has increased. We investigated the utility of in-tree velocity stiffness measurements to estimate the genetic control of corewood stiffness and to select for trees with superior growth and stiffness in a progeny trial of 139 families of slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. grown on six sites. Narrow-sense heritability estimates across all six sites for in-tree acoustic velocity stiffness at 8 years (0.42) were higher than observed for height (0.36) and diameter at breast height (DBH) (0.28) at 5 years. The overall type B genetic correlation across sites for velocity stiffness was 0.68, comparable to those found for DBH and volume growth, indicating that family rankings were moderately repeatable across all sites for these traits. No significant genetic correlations were observed between velocity stiffness, DBH, and volume growth. In contrast, a significant, but small, favorable genetic correlation was found between height and velocity stiffness. Twenty percent of the families had positive breeding values for both velocity stiffness and growth. The low cost, high heritability and nearly independent segregation of the genes involved with in-tree velocity stiffness and growth traits indicate that acoustic methods can be integrated into tree improvement programs to breed for improved corewood stiffness along with growth in slash pine.

scholarly journals Effects of Independent and Combined Water-Deficit and High-Nitrogen Treatments on Flag Leaf Proteomes during Wheat Grain Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 2098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Zhu ◽  
Gengrui Zhu ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Zhimin Wang ◽  
Xing Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Proteome Analysis ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

We present the first comprehensive proteome analysis of wheat flag leaves under water-deficit, high-nitrogen (N) fertilization, and combined treatments during grain development in the field. Physiological and agronomic trait analyses showed that leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, and grain weight and yield were significantly reduced under water-deficit conditions, but dramatically enhanced under high-N fertilization and moderately promoted under the combined treatment. Two-dimensional electrophoresis detected 72 differentially accumulated protein (DAP) spots representing 65 unique proteins, primarily involved in photosynthesis, signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, redox homeostasis, stress defense, and energy metabolism. DAPs associated with photosynthesis and protein folding showed significant downregulation and upregulation in response to water-deficit and high-N treatments, respectively. The combined treatment caused a moderate upregulation of DAPs related to photosynthesis and energy and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting that high-N fertilization can alleviate losses in yield caused by water-deficit conditions by enhancing leaf photosynthesis and grain storage compound synthesis.

The influence of diet on the nitrogenous components passing to the duodenum and through the lower ileum of sheep

1966 ◽  
Vol 166 (1002) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Terminal Part ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Lower Ileum

Analyses of the alimentary contents flowing to the duodenum of sheep during 24 h show that when the sheep are consuming a low-nitrogen diet more total nitrogen and amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum than are eaten daily in the food whereas when the sheep are eating high nitrogen diets, less total nitrogen and less amino nitrogen pass to the duodenum. The disparity between the total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content of the diets largely disappeared by the time the alimentary contents reached the terminal part of the ileum. From 64 to 68% of the nitrogen entering the duodenum and 54 to 64% of the nitrogen in the ileal contents was in the form of amino nitrogen. Proportionately more of the amino nitrogen was in solution in the ileal contents than in the duodenal contents. Losses of amino acids in the stomach when a high-nitrogen diet was consumed were especially large for glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, arginine and leucine. They were least for cystine and threonine. Gains of amino acids in the stomach when low nitrogen diets were consumed were all substantial except for proline, where a loss was found when hay and flaked maize were given. When these changes are considered as proportions of the quantities eaten then trends are similar for all acids. Changes in the molar proportions of the amino acids present in hydrolysates of the duodenal and ileal contents are discussed together with the significance of these changes in relation to the nutrition of the sheep.

Pitch Canker Impact on Volume Growth: A Case Study In Slash Pine Plantations

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loukas G. Arvanitis ◽  
John F. Goodbee ◽  
Iris Porta
Keyword(s):  
Volume Growth ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Pitch Canker ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Measurements from 26 permanent test plots established in slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.) plantations of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia in 1976 have been used to assess the impact of pitch canker on growth and yield of trees over time. The plots were remeasured annually for five years. The mean annual volume increment for infected trees was between 60 and 81 percent of that of the healthy trees. Trees that were repeatedly infected grew proportionately less, over the five-year period, than those that were infected only once or twice. The five-year periodic volume increment for the most severely infected trees was between one-third and two-thirds of that of healthy trees in the same diameter class. Incidence of infection was not correlated with tree diameter. The overall cubic foot volume loss due to growth suppression and mortality amounted to 4.5 percent of the expected total volume in 1981. This loss represents 15 percent of the anticipated five-year volume growth.

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