Predicting effects of global warming on growth and mortality of upland oak species in the midwestern United States: a physiologically based dendroecological approach

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1739-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Jeffrey R. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
River Region ◽  
Black Oak

This study combined an ecophysiological model and dendroecological analyses to evaluate potential effects of global warming on the physiology, growth, and mortality of white oak (Quercusalba L.) and black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) in the Ohio River region. The model integrated data for ecophysiology of oak species, site attributes, and daily temperature and precipitation to model nonlinear responses of stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis (Pnet), and woody respiration (Rw) to variations in temperature and soil water content. Relationships between modeled physiological response indices and actual white and black oak annual radial growth indices were evaluated by regression analyses, using growth and weather data for the period 1900–1987 for seven upland oak–hickory forests. Modeled physiological response indices explained 40–60% of variation in radial growth indices. To evaluate the effects of global warming, daily temperature values for the period 1900–1987 were increased by 2 or 5 °C, without changing precipitation values, and physiological response indices were computed. Model indices generated in warming simulations were entered into dendroclimatic regression models calibrated under conditions without any warming to predict radial growth under warming scenarios. Under the warming scenarios, OAKWBAL predicted a substantial increase in growing season Rw, but little change in growing season Pnet. Warming merely shifted the period of near-maximal Pnet earlier in the growing season, without changing its duration. However, this result was somewhat dependent upon the ability of leaf-out phenology to track changes in temperature regime. The net effect of increased Rw, with little change in Pnet, was a reduction in radial growth and a higher frequency of years with climatic conditions stressful to oaks on upland sites. A historical association between severe drought and increased incidence of oak growth decline and mortality indicated that global warming could increase the incidence of decline and mortality in oak populations on upland sites similar to those in this study.

Temporal and spatial variation of oak growth–climate relationships along a pollution gradient in the midwestern United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 772-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
River Region ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Deposition Gradient ◽  
Response Variables

The Kalman filter procedure was used to evaluate temporal variation in associations between physiologically based climate indices and radial growth of black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and white oak (Quercusalba L.) at seven similar sites along the Ohio River corridor acidic-deposition gradient. Physiological response variables were derived by a model that used daily weather data to estimate effects of climate on growing season net photosynthesis and woody respiration. Correlations between oak radial growth indices and physiological response variables deteriorated over the period of record (1900–1987) at all seven study sites; there was no spatial association between the deterioration and the acidic-deposition gradient. This deterioration of growth–climate correlations was temporally associated with decreased growing season temperature at all seven sites; no consistent temporal trend was found for growing season precipitation. The effects of decreasing temperature on modeled physiological response variables included increased net photosynthesis and decreased woody respiration. These results suggest that recent assessments of relationships between acidic deposition and forest condition in the Ohio River region have been done during a time period of relaxed climatic stress and may have underestimated pollution–climate stress interactions.

Shoot elongation of black oak and white oak sprouts

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stump Diameter

Weekly events in shoot elongation were observed and measured for 43 black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and 41 white oak (Q. alba L.) sprouts in their second growing season. In addition, total net shoot elongation (i.e., elongation minus current dieback) was measured at the ends of the first four growing seasons. Sprouts originated from stumps with diameters of 0.6 in. (1.5 cm) to 12 in. (30.5 cm). Average net elongation of both species reached a weekly maximum of 0.6 ft (18.3 cm) during the 3rd growth week (May 4–10). Although elongation among individual sprouts was extremely variable, most sprouts of both species flushed two or more times during the 17-week study period. Periods of individual flushes ranged from 1 to 3 weeks and most occurred during the first 13 growth weeks. Based on regression estimates, 2nd-year gross shoot elongation increased with increasing stump diameter up to 6 in. (15.2 cm); above this diameter shoot elongation decreased. Net 4-year elongation of both species also tended to increase with increasing stump diameter up to 6 in. There were no significant differences between species in 2nd-year gross elongation or in total 4-year net elongation.

False rings in jack pine and black spruce trees from eastern Manitoba as indicators of dry summers

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1722-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Hoffer ◽  
Jacques C. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
False Rings

False rings (FRs) are a tree-ring anomaly that can be used to better understand tree growth and potentially reconstruct past climatic events. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between FRs and climate, especially drought occurrence. Sampling was conducted in Nopiming Provincial Park. Wood cores were extracted from jack pine ( Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in five stands and from co-occurring black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) in three of these stands. After cross-dating, earlywood, latewood, and total ring width were measured on all cores. All FRs were identified, and their position within a tree ring was determined. Both species showed similar radial growth and FR patterns. Jack pine and to a lesser extent black spruce both showed abundant FRs in the juvenile period. Springs with cool and snowy conditions and summers with severe drought were associated with a higher frequency of FRs. These anomalies could be formed partly in response to timing of the start of the growing season and to conditions during that growing season that lead to interruption and subsequent resumption of normal growth. Jack pine radial growth was found to be more sensitive to precipitation, whereas that of black spruce was more sensitive to temperature.

A physiological approach to dendroclimatic modeling of oak radial growth in the midwestern United States

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Foster ◽  
David C. LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Response ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Tissue Respiration ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Physiological Indices ◽  
Daily Weather Data ◽  
Quercus Species

This paper describes the development of OAKWBAL, a physiologically based model that integrates daily weather data with site and species-specific ecophysiological data to estimate climate effects on physiology and radial growth of oak (Quercus) species. This model generates relative physiological response indices for cumulative canopy net photosynthesis and woody tissue respiration during the season of radial growth and the season of carbohydrate storage. These indices are entered as predictor variables in regression models, with detrended annual basal area increment as the response variable. Separate analyses were performed for seven similar sites located from northwest Arkansas to eastern Ohio. The analyses showed that (i) individual physiological response indices produced by the OAKWBAL model were better correlated with radial growth of black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and white oak (Quercusalba L.) than were monthly climate variables; (ii) coefficients of determination for dendroclimatic regression models based on monthly weather variables were slightly higher than those for models based on physiological indices, but the monthly weather models included an average of three more predictor variables; and (iii) dendroclimatic regression models using physiological indices exhibited greater consistency across sites and were more amenable to biological interpretation than models using monthly climate variables.

Interactive effects of acidic deposition, drought, and insect attack on oak populations in the midwestern United States

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1184-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C LeBlanc
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Acidic Deposition ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Ohio River ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
River Region ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Black Oak

The objective of this study was to determine if acidic deposition predisposes oaks to decline after drought. Associations were evaluated between oak decline and mortality after drought and (1)pre-drought growth; (2)tree size, age, and competitive status; (3)attack by twolined chestnut borer (TLCB); (4)acidic deposition; and (5)soil acidity. This study was conducted in the Ohio River region of the United States. White oak (Quercus albaL.), black oak (Quercus velutina Lam.), and the locally dominant oak (chestnut oak (Quercus prinusL.) or post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.)) were studied at six similar sites along an acidic deposition gradient during the period 1988-1992. Prevalence of severe branch dieback and mortality was low ( < 10%) at all sites, but fewer oaks in Illinois were in the 0-10% dieback class than in other states. Also, fewer oaks in Illinois than Ohio exhibited immediate recovery after the 1988 drought. Prevalence of TLCB attack was similar across all sites; >85% of dead trees had been attacked, but <10% of living trees were damaged. Most dead oaks had lower pre-drought radial growth than survivors of the same species. Branch dieback, growth decline, and mortality were more prevalent in the black oak population than the other oak species. There was no evidence that acidic deposition predisposed oaks to post-drought decline.

Dynamics of stem radial growth of Picea meyeri during the growing season at the treeline of Luya Mountain, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 956-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Yu DONG ◽  
Yuan JIANG ◽  
Hao-Chun YANG ◽  
Ming-Chang WANG ◽  
Wen-Tao ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season

scholarly journals Comparison of the Radial Growth Response of Picea crassifolia to Climate Change in Different Regions of the Central and Eastern Qilian Mountains

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1015
Author(s):  
Xuan Wu ◽  
Liang Jiao ◽  
Dashi Du ◽  
Changliang Qi ◽  
Ruhong Xue
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Qilian Mountains ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Total Precipitation ◽  
Picea Crassifolia ◽  
The Qilian Mountains

It is important to explore the responses of radial tree growth in different regions to understand growth patterns and to enhance forest management and protection with climate change. We constructed tree ring width chronologies of Picea crassifolia from different regions of the Qilian Mountains of northwest China. We used Pearson correlation and moving correlation to analyze the main climate factors limiting radial growth of trees and the temporal stability of the growth–climate relationship, while spatial correlation is the result of further testing the first two terms in space. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Radial growth had different trends, showing an increasing followed by a decreasing trend in the central region, a continuously increasing trend in the eastern region, and a gradually decreasing trend in the isolated mountain. (2) Radial tree growth in the central region and isolated mountains was constrained by drought stress, and tree growth in the central region was significantly negatively correlated with growing season temperature. Isolated mountains showed a significant negative correlation with mean minimum of growing season and a significant positive correlation with total precipitation. (3) Temporal dynamic responses of radial growth in the central region to the temperatures and SPEI (the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index) in the growing season were unstable, the isolated mountains to total precipitation was unstable, and that to SPEI was stable. The results of this study suggest that scientific management and maintenance plans of the forest ecosystem should be developed according to the response and growth patterns of the Qinghai spruce to climate change in different regions of the Qilian Mountains.

scholarly journals A Machine Learning Method for Predicting Vegetation Indices in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1147
Author(s):  
Xiangqian Li ◽  
Wenping Yuan ◽  
Wenjie Dong
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Spatiotemporal Distribution ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Gradient Boosting ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Vegetation Growth ◽  
Extreme Gradient Boosting ◽  
Boosting Method

To forecast the terrestrial carbon cycle and monitor food security, vegetation growth must be accurately predicted; however, current process-based ecosystem and crop-growth models are limited in their effectiveness. This study developed a machine learning model using the extreme gradient boosting method to predict vegetation growth throughout the growing season in China from 2001 to 2018. The model used satellite-derived vegetation data for the first month of each growing season, CO2 concentration, and several meteorological factors as data sources for the explanatory variables. Results showed that the model could reproduce the spatiotemporal distribution of vegetation growth as represented by the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The predictive error for the growing season NDVI was less than 5% for more than 98% of vegetated areas in China; the model represented seasonal variations in NDVI well. The coefficient of determination (R2) between the monthly observed and predicted NDVI was 0.83, and more than 69% of vegetated areas had an R2 > 0.8. The effectiveness of the model was examined for a severe drought year (2009), and results showed that the model could reproduce the spatiotemporal distribution of NDVI even under extreme conditions. This model provides an alternative method for predicting vegetation growth and has great potential for monitoring vegetation dynamics and crop growth.

scholarly journals Nut Selection by Captive Blue Jays: Importance of Availability and Implications for Seed Dispersal

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey E. Moore ◽  
Robert K. Swihart
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Large White ◽  
Shagbark Hickory ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Blue Jays

Abstract We assessed dietary preference of 14 captive Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) for different food types under different conditions of availability. In four separate feeding trials, we provisioned jays with the following: Trial 1, two nuts each of white oak (Quercus alba), pin oak (Q. palustris), black oak (Q. velutina), northern red oak (Q. rubra), and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata); Trial 2, two small and two large red oak acorns; Trial 3, two germinating and two nongerminating white oak acorns; and Trial 4, one large red oak acorn, one large white oak acorn, and one shagbark hickory nut. We used discrete choice models to describe selection under conditions of changing choice sets. Blue Jays displayed a clear preference for pin oak and strong avoidance of red oak acorns when alternative foods were available. White oak and black oak acorns were selected intermediately. Shagbark hickory nuts were never used. Correlation coefficients suggested that preference was inversely related to seed size and the proportion of seed consisting of hard seed coat. In the absence of alternative food items, small red oak acorns were readily taken, whereas large red oak acorns were mostly avoided but still used by some birds. These results highlight the importance of considering food availability when making conclusions about preference, and lend support to the hypothesis that Blue Jays can be important dispersers of even less-preferred oak species. We discuss the potential as well as the limitations for Blue Jays to act as seed dispersers, with respect to postglacial range expansion of fagaceous tree species, and in the context of present-day dispersal in regions where forests are highly fragmented.

scholarly journals Climatic Regionalization and the Spatio-Temporal Occurrence of Extreme Single-Year Drought Events (1500–1998) in the Interior Pacific Northwest, USA

2002 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Knapp ◽  
Henri D. Grissino-Mayer ◽  
Peter T. Soulé
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
Spring Precipitation ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
Western Juniper ◽  
Northern Nevada ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractTree-ring records from western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis var. occidentalis Hook.) growing throughout the interior Pacific Northwest identify extreme climatic pointer years (CPYs) (i.e., severe single-year droughts) from 1500–1998. Widespread and extreme CPYs were concentrated in the 16th and early part of the 17th centuries and did not occur again until the early 20th century. The 217-yr absence of extreme CPYs may have occurred during an extended period of low variance in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. We mapped climatic boundaries for the interior Pacific Northwest based on the location of sites with similar precipitation variability indices. Three regions, the Northwest (based on chronologies from nine sites), the Southwest (four sites), and the East (five sites) were identified. Our results suggest that western juniper radial growth indices have substantial interannual variability within the northwestern range of the species (central Oregon), particularly when compared with western juniper growing in its eastern range (eastern Oregon, southeastern Idaho, and northern Nevada) and southwestern range (southern Oregon and northeast California). We suspect that the substantial differences in the variability of western juniper radial growth indices are linked to the influence of ENSO events on winter/spring precipitation amounts.

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