Shoot elongation of black oak and white oak sprouts

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stump Diameter

Weekly events in shoot elongation were observed and measured for 43 black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) and 41 white oak (Q. alba L.) sprouts in their second growing season. In addition, total net shoot elongation (i.e., elongation minus current dieback) was measured at the ends of the first four growing seasons. Sprouts originated from stumps with diameters of 0.6 in. (1.5 cm) to 12 in. (30.5 cm). Average net elongation of both species reached a weekly maximum of 0.6 ft (18.3 cm) during the 3rd growth week (May 4–10). Although elongation among individual sprouts was extremely variable, most sprouts of both species flushed two or more times during the 17-week study period. Periods of individual flushes ranged from 1 to 3 weeks and most occurred during the first 13 growth weeks. Based on regression estimates, 2nd-year gross shoot elongation increased with increasing stump diameter up to 6 in. (15.2 cm); above this diameter shoot elongation decreased. Net 4-year elongation of both species also tended to increase with increasing stump diameter up to 6 in. There were no significant differences between species in 2nd-year gross elongation or in total 4-year net elongation.

Shoot morphology and shoot growth potential in 1-year-old Scots pine seedlings

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Shoot Morphology ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Pine Seedlings

When seedlings of a single seed source of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) were raised for 26 weeks in a naturally lit, heated greenhouse, two types of shoot morphology were observed. Type 1 was that normally found in 1-year-old seedlings. Type 2 had a shoot morphology similar to that of seedlings raised outdoors for two growing seasons. When compared with type 1 plants, type 2 plants had an earlier start to shoot elongation, set their buds earlier, and stopped shoot elongation sooner. After one growing season, type 2 plants were shorter, had fewer stem units for shoot elongation in the second season, but carried a greater foliage biomass than 1-year-old type plants. After two seasons they remained shorter. Thus, plant rearing practices which result in the production of seedlings with this type of shoot morphology arc undesirable.The relationship between early "budsct," shoot morphology, and plant height suggests that the proportion of seedlings with a 2-year-old shoot morphology after one growing season in a heated greenhouse may be used as an early test for height growth potential in seed origins and possibly in progenies of north temperate pine species.

scholarly journals Effects of Stump Diameter on Sprout Number and Size for Three Oak Species in a Pennsylvania Clearcut

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Sands ◽  
Marc D. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Height ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Quercus Velutina ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stump Sprouts ◽  
Stump Diameter

Abstract In a 2004 clearcut of a former even-aged oak (Quercus) forest, we examined the number and maximum height of stump sprouts for three oak species in east-central Pennsylvania. The greatest number of sprouts was produced by black oak (Quercus velutina) and chestnut oak (Q.montana) as compared with white oak (Q. alba). Logistic regression showed that diameter of stumps was a significant factor in determining the probability of sprouting for black oak, and an inverse relationship between stump diameter and the number of sprouts per stump was foundfor all three species. The number of white oak sprouts peaked in the 10‐20-cm diameter class and declined on larger stumps. The number of black oak sprouts peaked in the 20‐50-cm classes, and trees in the 70‐80-cm class produced the fewest sprouts. The mean annual growthof the tallest sprout on each stump was greater for black oak and chestnut oak than white oak.

Effects of interspecific competition on periodic shoot elongation in oak seedlings

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Collet ◽  
Henri Frochot
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Competition ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Oak Seedlings

The effects of interspecific competition on periodic shoot elongation of Quercuspetraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Quercusrobur L. seedlings were investigated in two experiments. In the first experiment, conducted under field conditions, young oaks were grown under various levels of grass and shrub competition. The number of growth flushes produced by the seedlings was assessed on three dates during the summer. In the second experiment, conducted under controlled conditions, seedlings were grown under various levels of competition and watering regimes. Biweekly measurements of shoot elongation were made during two consecutive growing seasons. Seedlings grown with competition produced fewer growth flushes during the growing season, and those flushes were delayed. They also produced fewer growth units during each flush and those growth units were shorter. All the seedlings grown without competition flushed at the same time during the entire growing season. On the contrary, the seedlings grown with competition showed synchronous flushing in spring, but became asynchronous later in the growing season.

scholarly journals Prohexadione-Ca Affects Vegetative Growth of the Rejuvenated Shoots in Walnut Trees

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Solar ◽  
Jerneja Jakopič ◽  
Robert Veberič ◽  
Franci Štampar
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Strong Reduction ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium ◽  
Summer Growth

Prohexadione-calcium (ProCa), formulated as Regalis, was tested as a vegetative growth inhibitor in rejuvenated annual shoots of 14-year-old mother trees in the ‘Franquette’ walnut cultivar. ProCa was applied three times during growing seasons in 2005 (Y5) and 2006 (Y6). This was during the second half of spring growth flush, the resting phase between the first and second growth flushes, and in the middle of summer growth flush. As a result, treated shoots in the upper part of the canopy were shorter than untreated ones during the whole growing season in both years. In Y5, two treatments of ProCa (250 mg·L−1), applied until the middle of June, inhibited shoot elongation during summer growth, which was the main purpose of the experiment. The reduction of shoot elongation was between 18% [lower shoots in the canopy (LS)] and 33% [upper shoots (US)]. After three ProCa applications, also the final length of the shoots was reduced by 5% (US) and 18% (LS). In Y6, when 100 mg·L−1 of ProCa had been used, strong reduction (24%) was observed only in US after two treatments. Summer growth was not reduced, probably as a result of an interaction between lower concentration of ProCa and stress caused by a water deficit and extremely high temperatures during the summer. On the base of the shoots, three treatments of ProCa (100 mg·L−1) in Y6 increased the ratio between wood and pith and, consequently, increased the quality and uniformity of the scion wood. Further research into additional cultivars and ProCa concentrations is recommended to optimize the terms of application.

Models for Estimating DBH from Stump Diameter for Southern Indiana Oaks

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul S. Johnson ◽  
Dale R. Weigel
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Regression ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
White Oak ◽  
New Models ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Diameter Outside Bark ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stump Diameter

Abstract Nonlinear regression estimates of DBH based on stump diameter outside bark 6 in. above ground are presented for northern red oak, and the white oak-scarlet oak and black oak-chestnut oak species groups in southern Indiana. Model estimates were compared to those from models developed for other regions. DBH estimates obtained from the new models and some previously reported models can be used to recontruct preharvest volume, value, and structure of harvested oak stands in southern Indiana. North. J. Appl. For. 7:79-81, June 1990.

Predicting effects of global warming on growth and mortality of upland oak species in the midwestern United States: a physiologically based dendroecological approach

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1739-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. LeBlanc ◽  
Jeffrey R. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Physiological Response ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growth Indices ◽  
River Region ◽  
Black Oak

This study combined an ecophysiological model and dendroecological analyses to evaluate potential effects of global warming on the physiology, growth, and mortality of white oak (Quercusalba L.) and black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) in the Ohio River region. The model integrated data for ecophysiology of oak species, site attributes, and daily temperature and precipitation to model nonlinear responses of stomatal conductance (gs), net photosynthesis (Pnet), and woody respiration (Rw) to variations in temperature and soil water content. Relationships between modeled physiological response indices and actual white and black oak annual radial growth indices were evaluated by regression analyses, using growth and weather data for the period 1900–1987 for seven upland oak–hickory forests. Modeled physiological response indices explained 40–60% of variation in radial growth indices. To evaluate the effects of global warming, daily temperature values for the period 1900–1987 were increased by 2 or 5 °C, without changing precipitation values, and physiological response indices were computed. Model indices generated in warming simulations were entered into dendroclimatic regression models calibrated under conditions without any warming to predict radial growth under warming scenarios. Under the warming scenarios, OAKWBAL predicted a substantial increase in growing season Rw, but little change in growing season Pnet. Warming merely shifted the period of near-maximal Pnet earlier in the growing season, without changing its duration. However, this result was somewhat dependent upon the ability of leaf-out phenology to track changes in temperature regime. The net effect of increased Rw, with little change in Pnet, was a reduction in radial growth and a higher frequency of years with climatic conditions stressful to oaks on upland sites. A historical association between severe drought and increased incidence of oak growth decline and mortality indicated that global warming could increase the incidence of decline and mortality in oak populations on upland sites similar to those in this study.

Tree species distributions related to climatic patterns in Michigan

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 613-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley R. Denton ◽  
Burton V. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
White Pine ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Precipitation ◽  
Black Oak

Relationships between the distributions of major forest species and climatic patterns in Michigan were examined using binary discriminant analysis ordination, Kolmogrov–Smirnov statistics, histograms, and correlation coefficients. Species occurring only in southern Lower Michigan (e.g., sassafras, Sassafrasalbidum (Nutt.) Nees) were strongly associated with warm, long growing seasons that had high night temperatures, low precipitation relative to potential evapotranspiration throughout the summer months, and low heat sums prior to last spring freeze. Species found throughout Lower Michigan but not extending into Upper Michigan (e.g., black oak, Quercusvelutina Lamarck, and white oak, Q. alba L.) had similar associations except that they were not strongly associated with low heat sums prior to last spring freeze. Conifers (e.g., balsam fir, Abiesbalsamea (L.) Miller, and white pine, Pinusstrobus L.) were associated with short growing seasons of highly variable length, high heat sums prior to last spring freeze, high precipitation relative to potential evapotranspiration even in July and August when the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration was greatest, and low night temperatures relative to daytime temperatures. All species had individualistic correlations with major climatic statistics. Species range limits, where they occurred in the state, were generally simultaneously correlated with more than one climatic variable.

Stump diameter and DBH relationships for white oak and black oak in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1596-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhat R. Ojasvi ◽  
Carl W. Ramm ◽  
Douglas O. Lantagne ◽  
Jeffrey Bruggink
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Model ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Geometric Models ◽  
Lower Peninsula ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stump Diameter

Principal component analysis of white oak (Quercusalba L.) and black oak (Quercusnigra L.) revealed different stem profiles across four ecological land units in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Multivariate linear regression and geometric models were developed to predict DBH from stump diameter for both species. For the multivariate model, the prediction variables were stump diameters at 15 and 30 cm above the ground level. The geometric model uses stump diameter at any height. Both the multivariate and geometric models can be used to predict DBH; however, the geometric models have the advantage of using fewer variables and being more flexible than the multivariate models.

scholarly journals Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 943
Author(s):  
Katri Nissinen ◽  
Virpi Virjamo ◽  
Antti Kilpeläinen ◽  
Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽  
Laura Pikkarainen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Simulated Climate ◽  
Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

Smallseed Falseflax (Camelina microcarpa) Management in Oklahoma Winter Wheat

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Jodie A. Crose ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Todd A. Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Adequate Control ◽  
Growing Seasons

Abstract Three herbicide premixes have recently been introduced for weed control in wheat. These include: halauxifen + florasulam, thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr, and bromoxynil + bicyclopyrone. The objective of this study was to evaluate these herbicides along with older products for their control of smallseed falseflax in winter wheat in Oklahoma. Studies took place during the 2017, 2018, and 2020 winter wheat growing seasons. Weed control was visually estimated every two weeks throughout the growing season and wheat yield was collected in all three years. Smallseed falseflax size was approximately six cm in diameter at time of application in all years. Control ranged from 96 to 99% following all treatments with the exception of bicyclopyrone + bromoxynil and dicamba alone, which controlled falseflax 90%. All treatments containing an acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide achieved adequate control; therefore, resistance is not suspected in this population. Halauxifen + florasulam and thifensulfuron + fluroxypyr effectively controlled smallseed falseflax similarly to other standards recommended for broadleaf weed control in wheat in Oklahoma. Rotational use of these products allows producers flexibility in controlling smallseed falseflax and reduces the potential for development of herbicide resistance in this species.

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