Community, edaphic, and historical analysis of mixed oak forests of the Ridge and Valley Province in central Pennsylvania

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory J. Nowacki ◽  
Marc D. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Oak Forests ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Quercus Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successional Species ◽  
Ridge And Valley

Fifty-nine mixed oak stands in the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania were sampled to evaluate the potential for oak replacement by later successional species or oak stability across a diverse landscape. Using species importance, stands were separated into four groups along detrended correspondence analysis axes 1 and 2. Betulalenta L.–Quercusprinus L.–Quercusrubra L. and Q. prinus–Q. rubra groups occurred on sandstone-based Inceptisols and Ultisols on ridges, whereas mixed–Quercus and Quercusalba L. groups were representative of limestone-based Alfisols on valley floors. Quercus species dominated the overstory of all groups; however, the understories mainly comprised shade-adapted Acerrubrum L., Acerpensylvanicum L., and (or) B. lenta on the xeric ridges and A. rubrum and Prunusserotina Ehrh. in the mesic valleys. The presettlement forests consisted of Quercus, Pinus, and Castaneadentata (Marsh.) Borkh. on the ridges and Quercus, Pinus, and Carya in the valleys. Comparisons between presettlement and present-day forests indicate that Pinusstrobus L. and C. dentata have declined dramatically, whereas Quercus species have increased. Changes in disturbance patterns following European settlement (e.g., the charcoal iron industry) initially favored Quercus expansion, followed later by increases in Acer, Prunus, and Betula. Under existing conditions where large-scale disturbances from fire or logging are minimal, Quercus species are expected to decline slowly in importance, being replaced by Acer, Prunus, and (or) Betula species regardless of site moisture relations. Thus, mixed oak forests do not appear to represent a prominent edaphic climax in the region, despite the long history of oak domination.

The Vaitupu Company Revisited: Reflections and Second Thoughts on Methodology and Mindset

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 221-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doug Munro
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
Historical Texts ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Whaling Industry ◽  
The Moment

It has been said that “Old movies seen again after many years seem different not because they have altered but because we have.” For the same reason, a rereading of older historical texts will convey different meanings, and reveal deficiencies and perhaps even profundities that were not initially apparent. In this paper, these observations are applied to a piece of research that was special to me at the time. I now see more clearly the extent to which my methods and mindset were a product of time, of place, and of my own training and preferences. So I will retrace my footsteps—insofar as is possible after all these years—and consider how the preconceptions and expectations of the moment affected the outcome. In other words, to reflect on the nature of thinking and writing.My research was not concerned with African but Pacific Islands history. From the mid 1970s through to the early 1980s I engaged in dissertation work in the nineteenth-century history of Tuvalu, formerly the Ellice Islands. Older maps will identify Tuvalu as the southern portion of a British dependency, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony (astride the equator and just east of the International Date Line). The nine Tuvalu islands are tiny even by the standards of coral atolls; by far the largest is Vaitupu at about six square kilometers, and the group remains economically unimportant and strategically insignificant. During the nineteenth century Tuvalu was incorporated into the world economy through the whaling industry and the copra trade, and further exposed to Western influences by missionization. The paucity of exploitable resources, however, coupled with an inhospitable environment and smallness of scale, rendered the islands unsuitable for large-scale European settlement and muted the potential disruptions of outside contacts. But there were aberrant events, such as the Vaitupu Company, which placed individual island communities under strain from time to time.

scholarly journals HISTORY OF DEVELOPING THE CONCEPT OF «LARGE SOCIAL GROUPS». PART 3: THE BEGGININGS of MODERN STAGE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (THE 1990s - 2000s of XX CENTURY)

2021 ◽  
pp. 93-126
Author(s):  
Ю.В. Ковалева
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

Статья является продолжением историографического и психолого-исторического анализа научных представлений о больших социальных группах в соответствии с этапами развития социальной психологии и статуса таких групп в различные исторические периоды жизни страны. Начало этого анализа представлено в публикациях (Ковалева, 2020а, 2020б), в которых была реализована первая задача исследования по определению исторических рамок развития понятия «большие социальные группы», а также дана характеристика общественно-политическим условиям и уровню гуманитарного знания для следующих из выделенных периодов: становления социально-психологического направления исследований в России (вторая половина ХIХ - начало ХХ вв.); развития социальной психологии в 1920-е и до середины 1930-х гг.; латентного этапа в становлении социальной психологии (середина 1930-х - 1950-е гг.); возрождения отечественной социальной психологии (1960-е - середина 1970-х гг.) и оформления современной отечественной социальной психологии в систему научного знания (середина 1970-х - 1980-е гг.). В настоящей работе приводится анализ событий и исследований больших социальных групп в начале современного этапа в развитии социальной психологии - в 1990-е - 2000 гг. ХХ в., которые связаны с масштабными событиями - распадом СССР и радикальной реформой экономики. Показана последовавшая за ними социальная динамика, приведены описания новых больших социальных групп. В связи с трагичностью пережитых страной событий упор в работе делается на анализ информационных влияний на общество в изучаемый период, а также коллективных чувств, переживаемых представителями больших социальных групп, и динамики системы ценностей постсоветского социума. Отмечается значительное расширение объекта социально-психологических исследований в направлении изучения больших социальных групп. The paper is a continuation of historiographic and psychological-historical analysis of scientific ideas about large social groups in accordance with the stages of development of social psychology and the status of such groups in various historical periods of the country's life. The beginning of this analysis is presented in publications (Kovaleva, 2020a, 2020b), in which the first task of the study was realized to determine the historical framework for the development of the concept of «large social groups», and also a description was given of socio-political conditions and the level of humanitarian knowledge for the following of the selected periods: the formation of the socio-psychological direction of research in Russia (second half of the XIX - beginning of the XX centuries); the development of social psychology in the 1920s and until the mid-1930s.; latent stage in the formation of social psychology (mid-1930s - 1950s); the revival of domestic social psychology (1960s - mid-1970s) and the design of modern domestic social psychology into the system of scientific knowledge (mid-1970s - 1980s). This work provides an analysis of events and studies of large social groups at the beginning of the modern stage in the development of social psychology - in the 1990-s of XX century, which are associated with large-scale events - the collapse of the USSR and the shock reform of the economy. The following social dynamics were shown, descriptions of new large social groups were given. About the tragic character of the events experienced by the country, the emphasis in the work was on the analysis of information influences on society during the study period, as well as collective feelings experienced by representatives of large social groups and the dynamics of the system of values of the post-soviet society. There was a significant expansion of the object of socio-psychological research in the direction of studying large social groups.

Dendroecology and climatic impacts for a relict, old-growth, bog forest in the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc D Abrams ◽  
Carolyn A Copenheaver ◽  
Bryan A Black ◽  
Saskia van de Gevel
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Tsuga Canadensis ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wet Climate ◽  
Ridge And Valley

We report on the 440-year dendrochronological history of a relict, bog forest in the Ridge and Valley Province of central Pennsylvania that contains extreme southern, disjunct populations of Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP and Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. The forest is dominated by Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (49% relative importance value), Picea mariana (16%), and Acer rubrum L. (15%). The few remaining Abies balsamea trees are in a advanced state of decline. Many Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. and T. canadensis trees recruited from 1560 and 1700, respectively, until 1890. However, the majority of the other tree species recruited during a 40-year period following selective logging of the forest in the 1890s and fires in about 1900 and 1914. We found a scarcity of tree saplings and no evidence of recruitment into the tree-size class for any species after 1950. The master tree-ring chronology for both N. sylvatica and T. canadensis exhibits a marked increase after the 1890s logging and a decrease after a 1900 fire. In addition, a large number of releases in individual tree chronologies occurred over the last 400 years, indicating the frequent occurrence of small-scale disturbances. Tree-ring growth during the 20th century was reduced by droughts and cool temperatures in the 1920s and in the early to middle 1960s. Abies balsamea cores exhibit a marked growth decline in 1986. Tsuga canadensis growth was very low between 1970 and 1998, despite a generally warm and wet climate during that time. Picea mariana had a dramatic increase in growth during very warm and wet climate between 1995 and 1998. Most Abies balsamea trees have reached their pathological age of 50-85 years and have active Armillaria root rot, insect infestations, and very poorly developed crowns. These symptoms or severe growth declines are not present in Picea mariana. It appears that the 10 000 year history of Abies balsamea presence at Bear Meadows will end soon, with no opportunity to reestablish itself because of the lack of a local seed source. The results of this study suggest that relict tree populations in the eastern United States may be particularly sensitive to direct and indirect anthropogenic impacts and climatic variations, and represent important benchmarks for comparisons with future studies.Key words: tree rings, disturbance, climate, global change, central Pennsylvania.

scholarly journals Historical analysis of agricultural development and use of the territory of Mordovia (from the Neolithic to the present day)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-161
Author(s):  
Alexandr V. Kaverin ◽  
Nadezhda A. Kaverina ◽  
Dmitry A. Masserov ◽  
Ilya S. Ushakov ◽  
Darya A. Yanina
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

Introduction. From an environmental point of view, the article considers the appearance of agriculture and its development on the territory of Mordovia. Materials and Methods. The authors, focusing on a historical analysis of the processes of agricultural development and use of landscapes on the territory of Mordovia, came to the conclusion that lack of knowledge how to transform nature in the development process can lead to serious economic and environmental miscalculations, negatively affects the most important natural properties of socio-ecological systems, and above all, their productivity. A graphic model of the equilibrium state of the ecosystems of the natural-territorial complex of Mordovia was developed for the purpose of detailed consideration of the issue by N. F. Reimers’ method. Results and Discussion. Agricultural activities on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia, as well as in other regions of the Finno-Ugric peoples’ residence, have become the main cause of the disturbance of the ecological balance, its impact on soil, atmosphere, water, energy and biotic components of natural systems. It caused deep and large-scale processes of degradation of the natural environment. The destruction of natural vegetation, primarily woody vegetation, has had a great impact on the water balance: due to deforestation and plowing of land, erosion processes have sharply increased and droughts have become more frequent. The authors prove the predominant role of forest landscapes in the restoration and preservation of the region’s ethnoecosystem. Conclusion. The historical analysis made it possible to conclude that the history of agricultural development of the territory of Mordovia, as well as other Finno-Ugric regions of Russia, can be called the history of deforestation. All this raises with new force questions about the return to the Finno-Ugric regions of their natural forests and the intensification of scientific research in the field of optimal forest cover.

Materials for the history of the gospel-Baptist movement in Ukraine

1996 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
S. Golovaschenko ◽  
Petro Kosuha
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
Theological Seminary ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Evangelical Christians ◽  
Evangelical Christian ◽  
First Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fruitful Cooperation ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The report is based on the first results of the study "The History of the Evangelical Christians-Baptists in Ukraine", carried out in 1994-1996 by the joint efforts of the Department of Religious Studies at the Institute of Philosophy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Odessa Theological Seminary of Evangelical Christian Baptists. A large-scale description and research of archival sources on the history of evangelical movements in our country gave the first experience of fruitful cooperation between secular and church researchers.

Vyshnivetsky Castle Library of Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky – Historical Book Heritage and Object of Bibliological and Historical Reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 166-182
Author(s):  
Iryna Tsiborovska-Rymarovych
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Printed Books ◽  
History Of ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Definition Of

The article has as its object the elucidation of the history of the Vyshnivetsky Castle Library, definition of the content of its fund, its historical and cultural significance, correlation of the founder of the Library Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky with the Book.The Vyshnivetsky Castle Library was formed in the Ukrainian historical region of Volyn’, in the Vyshnivets town – “family nest” of the old Ukrainian noble family of the Vyshnivetskies under the “Korybut” coat of arm. The founder of the Library was Prince Mychailo Servaty Vyshnivetsky (1680–1744) – Grand Hetman and Grand Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilno Voievoda. He was a politician, an erudite and great bibliophile. In the 30th–40th of the 18th century the main Prince’s residence Vyshnivets became an important centre of magnate’s culture in Rich Pospolyta. M. S. Vyshnivetsky’s contemporaries from the noble class and clergy knew quite well about his library and really appreciated it. According to historical documents 5 periods are defined in the Library’s history. In the historical sources the first place is occupied by old-printed books of Library collection and 7 Library manuscript catalogues dating from 1745 up to the 1835 which give information about quantity and topical structures of Library collection.The Library is a historical and cultural symbol of the Enlightenment epoch. The Enlightenment and those particular concepts and cultural images pertaining to that epoch had their effect on the formation of Library’s fund. Its main features are as follow: comprehensive nature of the stock, predominance of French eighteenth century editions, presence of academic books and editions on orientalistics as well as works of the ideologues of the Enlightenment and new kinds of literature, which generated as a result of this movement – encyclopaedias, encyclopaedian dictionaries, almanacs, etc. Besides the universal nature of its stock books on history, social and political thought, fiction were dominating.The reconstruction of the history of Vyshnivetsky’s Library, the historical analysis of the provenances in its editions give us better understanding of the personality of its owners and in some cases their philanthropic activities, and a better ability to identify the role of this Library in the culture life of society in a certain epoch.

Integration of Ecological and Engineering Aspects in Planning Large Scale Tidal Power Development in the Bay of Fundy, Canada

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 281-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Bay Of Fundy ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Power Development ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientists And Engineers ◽  
The Many ◽  
University Scientists

Large-scale tidal power development in the Bay of Fundy has been given serious consideration for over 60 years. There has been a long history of productive interaction between environmental scientists and engineers durinn the many feasibility studies undertaken. Up until recently, tidal power proposals were dropped on economic grounds. However, large-scale development in the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy now appears to be economically viable and a pre-commitment design program is highly likely in the near future. A large number of basic scientific research studies have been and are being conducted by government and university scientists. Likely environmental impacts have been examined by scientists and engineers together in a preliminary fashion on several occasions. A full environmental assessment will be conducted before a final decision is made and the results will definately influence the outcome.

International Legal Thought

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kleinlein
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Critical Potential ◽  
Self Reflection ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This contribution reflects on the role of tradition-building in international law, the implications of the recent ‘turn to history’ and the ‘presentisms’ discernible in the history of international legal thought. It first analyses how international legal thought created its own tradition in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. These projects of establishing a tradition implied a considerable amount of what historians would reject as ‘presentism’. Remarkably, critical scholars of our day and age who unsettled celebratory histories of international law and unveiled ‘colonial origins’ of international law were also criticized for committing the ‘sin of anachronism’. This contribution therefore examines the basis of this critique and defends ‘presentism’ in international legal thought. However, the ‘paradox of instrumentalism’ remains: The ‘better’ historical analysis becomes, the more it loses its critical potential for current international law. At best, the turn to history activates a potential of disciplinary self-reflection.

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