Clonal differences in biomass characteristics, coppice ability, and biomass prediction equations among four Populus clones grown in eastern North Dakota

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
Timothy R. Rensema
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Growth Vigor ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Sprout Growth

Differences in biomass characteristics and biomass prediction equations were quantified for four hybrid poplar clones: 'Siouxland', 'Robusta', 'Eugenei', and 'Northwest'. Twenty trees per clone were destructively sampled, separated into component parts, and compared using analysis of variance and regression techniques. Significant differences in clonal means were detected for all biomass components. The functional relationship, however, between standing-tree measurements and biomass yields did not generally vary among clones. There were differences in regression equation slopes among clones for leaf green weight, limb green weight, and leaf dry weight. These differences appear to be related to the annual infection of the clone 'Northwest' by Melampsora leaf rust. All clones coppiced satisfactorily despite a late summer harvest. Clonal differences did exist in coppice ability and sprout growth vigor.

Autumnal nutrient transfers by retranslocation, leaching, and litter fall in a chestnut oak forest in southern Illinois

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Ostman ◽  
George T. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Retranslocation from leaves was investigated as a means of retaining nutrients in stands of Quercusprinus L. on two sites in southern Illinois, where wind rapidly moves litter downslope. Foliage samples were collected from late summer until leaf fall to describe the trends of leaf dry weight and nutrient concentration (N, K, P, Ca) changes. Free-falling rain and throughfall were collected to estimate foliar leaching. Foliar concentrations of N, K, and P decreased markedly during senescence while Ca concentrations increased. The pattern of concentration change was unique for each element, and the change in N concentration was closely correlated with change in leaf color. For the study sites as a whole, leaf dry weight decreased to 70% of the original value. Of 84.2 kg N/ha in green foliage, only 22.6% was returned to the site as litter. The canopy gained 0.3 kg N/ha (0.4%) from rainfall. The 78.5% N unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Similarly, from 51.4 kg K/ha; 8.2, P; and 47.8, Ca in green foliage, 9.8, 1.3, and 3.3%, respectively, were removed by leaching; 27.4, 43.7, and 85.1% were returned to the site in litter. The remaining 63.0% K, 55.0% P, and 11.5% Ca unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Retranslocation and leaching of nutrients was greater on the site of higher quality. But on both sites it appears that retranslocation is an important means of retaining and conserving N, K, and P countering the effect of annual litter removal.

Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Robert Andrew Kerr ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
William C. Bridges ◽  
Matthew Cutulle
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Term Management

AbstractGoosegrass is a weedy C4species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.

Respon Akar Bibit Aren Genjah (Arenga pinnata) Di Pembibitan Pada Pemberian Dosis dan Interval Pupuk Organik Cair Nasa

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Yetti Elidar
Keyword(s):  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Treatment Combination ◽  
Root Dry Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Dose Study ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Research on the response of roots of palm sugar palm seeds (Arenga pinnata) in nurseries at doses and intervals of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer. Aims to determine the dosage, interval and combination of dosages and fertilization intervals with Nasa liquid organic fertilizer which can provide the best dry weight of the roots in the nursery. The research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3x3 factorial experiments and each treatment was repeated 8 (eight) times, consisting of: the first factor was the treatment of POC Nasa dose in a concentration of 3 cc POC Nasa per liter of water (D) consists of 3 levels, namely: d1 = 300 ml POC Nasa, d2 = 400 ml POC Nasa, d3 = 500 ml POC Nasa, while the second factor is the treatment of POC Nasa Interval (I) consisting of 3 levels, namely: i1 = 2 once a week, i2 = once every 3 weeks, i3 = once every 4 weeks. The results of the POC Nasa dose study had a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level are: d2 (400 ml of Nasa liquid organic fertilizer), the interval of liquid organic fertilizer Nasa has a significant effect on leaf wet weight, leaf dry weight, root wet weight and root dry weight. The best dose at this level is: i1 (once every 2 weeks). The treatment combination has no significant effect on all parameters. 

Leaf and stem structure of poplar (Populus ×euramericana) as Influenced by O3, NO2, their combination, and different soil N supplies

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 649-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.S. Günthardt-Goerg ◽  
P. Schmutz ◽  
R. Matyssek ◽  
J.B. Bucher
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Populus Euramericana ◽  
N Supply ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Although increasing tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations as well as precursor NO2 emissions and N deposition have been observed, the combination of their effects on deciduous trees is little understood. We therefore examined the growth and leaf injury response of a model tree (Populus ×euramericana (Dode) Guinier cuttings exposed before flush and until they reached a height of more than 1 m) to low and high soil N supply (105 or 315 mg N•L−1 substrate volume), to filtered air, and to filtered air with NO2 (sinusoidal daily course with a mean of 100 nL•L−1), with O3 (60 nL•L−1), or with a combination of both in climate-controlled chambers. High soil N increased total plant dry weight, leaf area, and xylem radius in plants fumigated with or without added NO2 or O3. The number of leaves increased with high soil N independent of added NO2. The stomatal density was influenced by soil N and by fumigations, but the appearance of leaf injury symptoms, leaf loss, specific leaf weight, and bark radius were not modified by the soil N regimes. NO2 alone, though applied in a sixfold ambient concentration, did not significantly increase plant growth. NO2 and O3 alone had opposite effects on specific leaf dry weight, stomatal density, and in the high fertilization regime, on the bark radius. The decrease in specific leaf dry weight and the appearance of early leaf symptoms were enhanced by NO2 added to O3. Visible leaf injury caused by O3 increased in parallel with microscopic changes in mesophyll cell walls, in the starch and protein patterns of mesophyll cells, in the bark cell content, and in the phloem sieve pores. NO2 enhanced the negative effect of O3 rather than compensated for a low soil N supply.

Yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) tolerates waterlogging better than narrow-leafed lupin (L. angustifolius) I. Shoot and root growth in a controlled environment

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 701 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Davies ◽  
D. W. Turner ◽  
M. Dracup
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lupinus Luteus ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Yellow Lupin ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Better Than

We studied the adaptation of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and yellow lupin (L. luteus) to waterlogging because yellow lupin may have potential as a new legume crop for coarse-textured, acidic, waterlogging-prone areas in Western Australia. In a controlled environment, plants were waterlogged for 14 days at 28 or 56 days after sowing (DAS). Plants were more sensitive when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS than from 28 to 42 DAS, root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth, and leaf expansion was more sensitive than leaf dry weight accumulation. Waterlogging reduced the growth of narrow-leafed lupin (60–81%) more than that of yellow lupin (25–56%) and the response was more pronounced 2 weeks after waterlogging ceased than at the end of waterlogging. Waterlogging arrested net root growth in narrow-leafed lupin but not in yellow lupin, so that after 2 weeks of recovery the root dry weight of yellow lupin was the same as that of the control plants but in narrow-leafed lupin it was 62% less than the corresponding control plants. Both species produced equal amounts of hypocotyl root when waterlogged from 28 to 42 DAS but yellow lupin produced much greater amounts than narrow-leafed lupin when waterlogged from 56 to 70 DAS.

Planting Date Affects Survival and Height Growth of Hybrid Poplar

1986 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 164-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Poplar Cuttings ◽  
Energy Plantations

In this study I investigated the effects of planting date for soaked versus unsoaked cuttings of two hybrid poplar clones under irrigated versus unirrigated and weedy versus weed-free conditions. Cuttings were planted each year for 4 years. Survival at the end of the first growing season was generally greater than 90% for all planting dates. At the end of the second growing season survival for trees planted before July 16 was again generally more than 90%. However, cuttings planted from July 30 through August 27 showed a major decline in survival and survival of fall planted cuttings ranged from 6 to 90%. Mortality of late summer- or fall-planted cuttings occurred prior to the beginning of the second growing season and was attributed to frost heaving. The tallest trees were not those planted at the earliest possible dates (April in Rhinelander). Instead, the tallest trees at the end of the first and second growing seasons were those planted in early- and mid-May. This optimum planting period was the same regardless of clone, soaking, irrigation, or weed treatment. Actual optimum planting date would change with location and local climatic conditions. Some climatic indices may prove more universal in predicting when to plant. Although tentative, it appears that for best growth, unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings should be planted in soil warmer than 10 °C. Trees do not grow as well if planted immediately after soil frost leaves the ground. Key words: Energy plantations, plantation establishment, woody biomass, intensive culture, Populus.

Effects of Glyphosate on Growth and the Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Levels of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Cañal Villanueva ◽  
B. Fernandez Muñiz ◽  
R. Sanchez Tames
Keyword(s):  
Root Development ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Underground System ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Secondary Shoot

Growth and the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured in greenhouse-grown yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯ CYPES), following treatment with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Herbicide was applied as a foliar spray at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mM. After 2 weeks, growth was inhibited, and chlorosis and leaf apex necrosis were observed. Plant height was reduced, leaf fresh weight was decreased by 40%, and leaf dry weight was slightly affected. Rhizome, tuber, and secondary shoot formation was strongly inhibited, but root development was not affected by glyphosate treatment. With the 10-mM treatment, dry weight of the underground system was reduced by 80%. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were decreased by 52 and 54%, respectively, following glyphosate treatment.

scholarly journals Effects of Light-Emitting Diodes on the Accumulation of Glucosinolates and Phenolic Compounds in Sprouting Canola (Brassica napus L.)

Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Park ◽  
Nam Kim ◽  
Jong Park ◽  
Sook Lee ◽  
Jong-Won Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Sprout Growth

In this study, we investigated optimal light conditions for enhancement of the growth and accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in the sprouts of canola (Brassica napus L.). We found that the shoot lengths and fresh weights of red light-irradiated sprouts were higher than those of sprouts exposed to white, blue, and blue + red light, whereas root length was not notably different among red, blue, white, and blue + red light treatments. The accumulations of total glucosinolates in plants irradiated with white, blue, and red lights were not significantly different (19.32 ± 0.13, 20.69 ± 0.05, and 20.65 ± 1.70 mg/g dry weight (wt.), respectively). However, sprouts exposed to blue + red light contained the lowest levels of total glucosinolates (17.08 ± 0.28 mg/g dry wt.). The accumulation of total phenolic compounds was the highest in plants irradiated with blue light (3.81 ± 0.08 mg/g dry wt.), 1.33 times higher than the lowest level in plants irradiated with red light (2.87 ± 0.05 mg/g dry wt.). These results demonstrate that red light-emitting diode (LED) light is suitable for sprout growth and that blue LED light is effective in increasing the accumulation of glucosinolates and phenolics in B. napus sprouts.

Boron Deficiency in a Southern Pine Nursery

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Stone ◽  
C. A. Hollis ◽  
E. L. Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Boron Deficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Normal Height ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Boron deficiency in seedling loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) in a northern Florida nursery was diagnosed by: (1) characteristic damage to shoot tips and buds, including necrosis of only part of the terminal; and (2) boron concentrations as low as only 1.9 ppm (dry weight) in affected tissues. Soil and soil-management features associated with deficiency include extremely low silt and clay contents, organic matter levels of 1 percent or less, lack of boron addition, and high calcium irrigation water leading to soil reactions above pH 6 by late summer. Consequences of deficiency were not limited to the nursery. Damaged seedlings that survived outplanting developed into bushy plants incapable of normal height growth in the first year or two.

scholarly journals Variation in ω-3 and ω-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Produced by Different Phytoplankton Taxa at Early and Late Growth Phase

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Taipale ◽  
Elina Peltomaa ◽  
Pauliina Salmi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Essential Fatty Acids ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stationary Growth Phase ◽  
Epa And Dha ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Aquatic Food

Phytoplankton synthesizes essential ω-3 and ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for consumers in the aquatic food webs. Only certain phytoplankton taxa can synthesize eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5ω3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6ω3), whereas all phytoplankton taxa can synthesize shorter-chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Here, we experimentally studied how the proportion, concentration (per DW and cell-specific), and production (µg FA L−1 day−1) of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA varied among six different phytoplankton main groups (16 freshwater strains) and between exponential and stationary growth phase. EPA and DHA concentrations, as dry weight, were similar among cryptophytes and diatoms. However, Cryptomonas erosa had two–27 times higher EPA and DHA content per cell than the other tested cryptophytes, diatoms, or golden algae. The growth was fastest with diatoms, green algae, and cyanobacteria, resulting in high production of medium chain ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA. Even though the dinoflagellate Peridinium cinctum grew slowly, the content of EPA and DHA per cell was high, resulting in a three- and 40-times higher production rate of EPA and DHA than in cryptophytes or diatoms. However, the production of EPA and DHA was 40 and three times higher in cryptophytes and diatoms than in golden algae (chrysophytes and synyrophytes), respectively. Our results show that phytoplankton taxon explains 56–84% and growth phase explains ~1% of variation in the cell-specific concentration and production of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA, supporting understanding that certain phytoplankton taxa play major roles in the synthesis of essential fatty acids. Based on the average proportion of PUFA of dry weight during growth, we extrapolated the seasonal availability of PUFA during phytoplankton succession in a clear water lake. This extrapolation demonstrated notable seasonal and interannual variation, the availability of EPA and DHA being prominent in early and late summer, when dinoflagellates or diatoms increased.

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