Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-201
Author(s):  
Robert Andrew Kerr ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
William C. Bridges ◽  
Matthew Cutulle
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Term Management

AbstractGoosegrass is a weedy C4species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.

Autumnal nutrient transfers by retranslocation, leaching, and litter fall in a chestnut oak forest in southern Illinois

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy L. Ostman ◽  
George T. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Southern Illinois ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Free Falling ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Retranslocation from leaves was investigated as a means of retaining nutrients in stands of Quercusprinus L. on two sites in southern Illinois, where wind rapidly moves litter downslope. Foliage samples were collected from late summer until leaf fall to describe the trends of leaf dry weight and nutrient concentration (N, K, P, Ca) changes. Free-falling rain and throughfall were collected to estimate foliar leaching. Foliar concentrations of N, K, and P decreased markedly during senescence while Ca concentrations increased. The pattern of concentration change was unique for each element, and the change in N concentration was closely correlated with change in leaf color. For the study sites as a whole, leaf dry weight decreased to 70% of the original value. Of 84.2 kg N/ha in green foliage, only 22.6% was returned to the site as litter. The canopy gained 0.3 kg N/ha (0.4%) from rainfall. The 78.5% N unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Similarly, from 51.4 kg K/ha; 8.2, P; and 47.8, Ca in green foliage, 9.8, 1.3, and 3.3%, respectively, were removed by leaching; 27.4, 43.7, and 85.1% were returned to the site in litter. The remaining 63.0% K, 55.0% P, and 11.5% Ca unaccounted for is attributed to retranslocation. Retranslocation and leaching of nutrients was greater on the site of higher quality. But on both sites it appears that retranslocation is an important means of retaining and conserving N, K, and P countering the effect of annual litter removal.

scholarly journals Growth Analysis of Wheat Using Machine Vision: Opportunities and Challenges

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6501
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ajlouni ◽  
Audrey Kruse ◽  
Jorge A. Condori-Apfata ◽  
Maria Valderrama Valencia ◽  
Chris Hoagland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Machine Vision ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Analysis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

Crop growth analysis is used for the assessment of crop yield potential and stress tolerance. Capturing continuous plant growth has been a goal since the early 20th century; however, this requires a large number of replicates and multiple destructive measurements. The use of machine vision techniques holds promise as a fast, reliable, and non-destructive method to analyze crop growth based on surrogates for plant traits and growth parameters. We used machine vision to infer plant size along with destructive measurements at multiple time points to analyze growth parameters of spring wheat genotypes. We measured side-projected area by machine vision and RGB imaging. Three traits, i.e., biomass (BIO), leaf dry weight (LDW), and leaf area (LA), were measured using low-throughput techniques. However, RGB imaging was used to produce side projected area (SPA) as the high throughput trait. Significant effects of time point and genotype on BIO, LDW, LA, and SPA were observed. SPA was a robust predictor of leaf area, leaf dry weight, and biomass. Relative growth rate estimated using SPA was a robust predictor of the relative growth rate measured using biomass and leaf dry weight. Large numbers of entries can be assessed by this method for genetic mapping projects to produce a continuous growth curve with fewer replicates.

Role of Ecklonia radiata (C. Ag.) J. Agardh in determining trace metal availability in coastal waters. I. Total trace metals

1987 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
HW Higgins ◽  
DJ Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Metal Binding ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Metal Availability ◽  
Metal Binding Sites ◽  
Accumulation Of Metals ◽  
Concentration Factors

No seasonal variations were found in the concentrations of Zn, Cd, Cu, K, Ca, Mg and Na in the kelp E. radiata collected from the marine-dominated Port Hacking estuary on the east coast of Australia. Concentrations of Fe and Mn were about 60% higher in late summer. The relative distributions of all metals between different kelp tissues, however, showed no seasonal variation. Concentration factors (dry weight basis) for trace metals ranged from 2600 for Cu to 68 000 for Fe. With high biomasses common in macroalgal ecosystems, a large proportion of the non-sediment- bound trace metals can be associated with the macroalgae, which therefore act as substantial buffers for these elements. Metal concentration factors (Y, wet wt basis) were related to oceanic residence times (τ) by the equation log Y = -0.69 logτ + 5.4. The distribution of the aikaii and akaline earth metais (K, Ca, Mg and Na) was relativeiy uniform throughout the various kelp tissues. However, concentrations of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cd were significantly higher in the older extremities (holdfast and eroding tip) than in the meristematic region. Although the holdfast also had higher levels of Cu than the meristem, levels were lower in the eroding tip. The results suggest either a slow net intracellular accumulation of metals with time or an increase in potential metal- binding sites as the extremities senesce. Translocation and elimination of surplus metals through the eroding tip or holdfast was thought not to be important in E. radiata as metal concentrations did not differ between live and dead haptera of the holdfast. Likewise, storage of metals in either the holdfast or eroding tip was considered unlikely because of the constant relative tissue distribution throughout the year and lack of metal mobilization during periods of growth. Pretreatment of kelp tissue with an EDTA wash released about 90% of the total Zn and Cd, 25% of the Cu and 7% of the Fe, suggesting that a large proportion of the total kelp Zn and Cd is associated with the apparent free space (AFS). With rapid exchange between seawater and the AFS, E. radiata is therefore not generally useful as a sentinel accumulator species in pollution studies for assessing long term integrated changes of metals in the water column.

Clonal differences in biomass characteristics, coppice ability, and biomass prediction equations among four Populus clones grown in eastern North Dakota

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Tuskan ◽  
Timothy R. Rensema
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Biomass Yields ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Biomass Components ◽  
Growth Vigor ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight ◽  
Sprout Growth

Differences in biomass characteristics and biomass prediction equations were quantified for four hybrid poplar clones: 'Siouxland', 'Robusta', 'Eugenei', and 'Northwest'. Twenty trees per clone were destructively sampled, separated into component parts, and compared using analysis of variance and regression techniques. Significant differences in clonal means were detected for all biomass components. The functional relationship, however, between standing-tree measurements and biomass yields did not generally vary among clones. There were differences in regression equation slopes among clones for leaf green weight, limb green weight, and leaf dry weight. These differences appear to be related to the annual infection of the clone 'Northwest' by Melampsora leaf rust. All clones coppiced satisfactorily despite a late summer harvest. Clonal differences did exist in coppice ability and sprout growth vigor.

An appropriate physiological control for environmental temperature studies: comparative growth kinetics of winter rye

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1062-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Krol ◽  
M. Griffith ◽  
N. P. A. Huner
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Winter Rye ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

The accurate interpretation of physiological and biochemical alterations observed in plants grown under contrasting environmental conditions requires knowledge of their relative physiological ages. For this purpose, we compared the growth kinetics of winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Puma) at nonhardening and cold-hardening temperatures. Growth at nonhardening temperatures was characterized by a 10-day lag phase with the attainment of maximum growth after about 28 days. Growth at cold-hardening temperatures resulted in an extension of the lag phase to about 21 days with maximum growth being attained after 56 days. The calculated growth coefficient at cold-hardening temperatures was 35–40% of that at nonhardening temperatures. This relationship was consistent with growth parameters such as leaf dry weight, fresh weight, and area, but not with plant height. Although total leaf dry weight and total number of leaves per plant did not differ between nonhardened and cold-hardened plants at maximum growth, total leaf area per plant and stretched plant height was 3- to 4-times greater in nonhardened than in cold-hardened plants. This resulted in a fourfold increase in leaf dry weight per leaf area during growth at low temperature in contrast to the maintenance of a constant ratio during growth at nonhardening conditions. The increase in this ratio during low temperature growth was, in part, accounted for by a decrease in water content and an increase in cytoplasmic content. These results were confirmed by the investigation of growth on an individual leaf basis. However, the growth response of leaves 1 and 2 differed from that of leaves 3 and 4 when the leaf dry weight: leaf area ratio was measured as a function of time at cold-hardening temperatures. This indicates that the stage of leaf development influences its growth response to an altered environment. The results of the development of leaf freezing tolerance indicated that maximum vegetative growth appeared to coincide with maximum freezing tolerance of leaves from cold-hardened plants (−22 °C) but not of leaves from unhardened plants (−11 °C).

scholarly journals Pemanfaatan tandan kosong kelapa sawit sisa jamur merang (Volvariella volvacea)(TKSJ) sebagai pupuk organik pada pembibitan kelapa sawit Utilization of spent mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) media derived from empty fruit bunches of oil palm (SMEB) as organic fertilizer on oil palm seedling

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Happy WIDIASTUTI ◽  
. TRI-PANJI
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Volvariella Volvacea ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

SummaryThe utilization of lignocellulolitic emptyfruit-bunches of oil-palm (EFBOP) material asstraw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) mediacould produce short chain organic carbon andnutrients which may be available for growth ofplant. This research was aimed to determine theeffect of spent mushroom media amendmentderived from empty fruit bunches of oil palm(SMEB) as organic fertilizer on the growth andnutrient uptake of oil palm seedling. Theexperiment was conducted at greenhouse usingacid soil. Oil palm seedling was grown in 60 x 50cm polybags. The experiment was carried out toexamine 20 treatments i.e. combinations of fourlevel of SMEB (0, 25%, 50%, and 75% w/w) andfive dosages of conventional fertilizer (0, 25%,50%, 75%, and 100%) recommended dosages.The experiment was conducted using completerandomized design with factorial type. Theresearch showed that the amendment of SMEB atthe level of 25% could increase the height ofseedling, fresh weight of root, stem, and seedlingsas well as dry weight of oil palm stem. However,for leaf dry weight, a higher addition of SMEB upto 50% was needed. Fertilizing at 25% ofrecommended dosage could increase the seedlingheight, fresh weight of stem and leaf while forseedling fresh weight and leaf number, higheraddition of fertilizer up to 50% was needed.Significantly higher uptake of K and Mg wasobserved on the amendment of 75% of SMEB.The higher addition of SMEB (up to 75% w/w)did not decrease any growth parameters andnutrient uptake. However, the addition of 100%of recommended chemical fertilizer tended todecrease various growth parameters and uptakeof N, P, K, and Mg of oil palm seedling.RingkasanPenggunaan bahan lignoselulosa sebagaimedium jamur merang (Volvariella volvacea)diketahui dapat menghasilkan senyawa karbonrantai pendek demikian pula hara tersedia,sehingga diduga bahan ini dapat digunakansebagai pupuk organik untuk tanaman. Penelitiandilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberiantandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) sisa mediumjamur merang (TKSJ) terhadap pertumbuhan danserapan hara bibit kelapa sawit. Percobaandilakukan di rumah kaca menggunakan tanahbereaksi masam. TKKS sisa medium jamurmerang (TKSJ) sesuai dosis perlakuan dicampurdengan tanah dan selanjutnya bibit kelapa sawitditanam di polibag berukuran 60 x 50 cm.Percobaan dilakukan untuk menguji 20 perlakuanyang merupakan kombinasi empat tingkat TKSJ(0, 25%, 50% dan 75% b/b) dan lima dosis pupukkonvensional (0, 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%)dosis rekomendasi. Percobaan dilakukan meng-gunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan polafaktorial. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwapemberian TKSJ pada tingkat 25% dapatmeningkatkan tinggi bibit, bobot basah akar,batang, dan bibit serta bobot kering batangkelapa sawit. Namun, untuk peubah bobot keringdaun diperlukan pemberian TKSJ yang lebihtinggi yaitu 50%. Pemupukan pada dosis 25%rekomendasi meningkatkan tinggi, bobot basahbatang dan daun sedangkan untuk jumlah daundan bobot basah bibit diperlukan dosis pupuk50%. Serapan hara K dan Mg nyata lebih tinggipada pemberian 75% TKSJ. Pemberian TKSJpada jumlah yang tinggi (hingga 75% b/b) tidakmenyebabkan penurunan berbagai peubah per-tumbuhan dan serapan hara, namun pemberianpupuk 100% rekomendasi cenderung menurun-kan berbagai peubah pertumbuhan dan serapanhara N, P, K, dan Mg bibit kelapa sawit.

scholarly journals (126) Response of Six Begonia Species to Different Substrate EC

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085D-1085
Author(s):  
Ka Yeon Jeong ◽  
Claudio Pasian ◽  
David Tay
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Growth Parameter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Spad Value ◽  
Parameter Values

There is limited information on optimal substrate EC level for begonia species (noncultivated hybrids). The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of six species to different substrate EC in a greenhouse. Begonia albopicta, B. cucullata var. cucullata, B. echinosepala var. elongatifolia, B. holtonis, B. fuchsioides (red) and B. fuchsioides (pink) plants were propagated by stem cuttings, and transplanted into plastic pots using a soilless mix. Five concentrations (20, 80, 200, 400, and 600 mg·L-1 N) of 17–5–17 fertilizer were applied as irrigation water to derive the five substrate EC levels. This experiment was a factorial randomized complete-block design. Substrate EC was measured weekly using the PourThru method and averaged for each treatment of each species. Inflorescence number, the longest stem length, SPAD readings, leaf area, and dry weight of each plant were measured as growth parameters. There were significant responses to substrate EC level and species on begonia growth parameters. The highest growth parameters of B. albopicta and B. cucullata were obtained at EC 5.7 and 6.6 mS·cm-1, respectively. The maximum growth of B. echinosepala and B. holtonis was observed at 2.6 and 3.0 mS·cm-1, respectively. B. fuchsioides, grown at 1.2 mS·cm-1, had the best growth parameter values. As EC level increased, SPAD value for B. fuchsioides (pink) and B. holtonis also increased. The highest SPAD reading was observed at EC 3.7 mS·cm-1 for B. albopicta, EC 6.6 mS·cm-1 for B. cucullata, EC 2.6 mS·cm-1 for B. echinosepala, and EC 4.1 mS·cm-1 for B. fuchsioides (red). Plant mortality of several begonia species was observed when grown at EC value above 6.4 or below 4.4 mS·cm-1.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Cucumber Growth and Yield Response to Copper Application

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youbin Zheng ◽  
Linping Wang ◽  
Diane Feliciano Cayanan ◽  
Mike Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Copper Treatment ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Leaf Dry Weight

To determine the nutrient solution copper (Cu2+) level above which Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber, cv. LOGICA F1) plant growth and fruit yield will be negatively affected, plants were grown on rockwool and irrigated with nutrient solutions containing Cu2+ at 0.05, 0.55, 1.05, 1.55, and 2.05 mg·L−1. Copper treatment began when plants were 4 weeks old and lasted for 10 weeks. During this 10-week period, plants were harvested at 3 weeks (short-term) and 10 weeks (long-term) after the start of Cu2+ treatment. Neither visible leaf injury nor negative Cu2+ effect was observed on plant growth (leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight, and stem dry weight) after 3 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. However, after 10 weeks of continuous Cu2+ application, cucumber leaf dry weight was significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater; leaf number, leaf area, and stem dry weight were significantly reduced by Cu2+ levels 1.55 mg·L−1 or greater. Copper (Cu2+ levels 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater) also caused root browning. Some plants under the 2.05 mg·L−1 Cu2+ treatment started to wilt after 6 weeks of continuous Cu2+ treatment. Copper treatment did not result in any change in leaf greenness until after Week 9 from the start of the treatments. There was no sign of a negative Cu2+ effect on cucumber fruit numbers after the first 2 weeks of production, but plants under the highest Cu2+ concentration treatment (2.05 mg·L−1) gradually produced fewer cucumber fruit than the control (0.05 mg·L−1) and eventually resulted in lower cucumber yield. Nutrient solution can be treated with 1.05 mg·L−1 of Cu2+ in cucumber production greenhouses; however, it is not recommended to use Cu2+ concentrations 1.05 mg·L−1 or greater continuously long-term (more than 3 weeks). When applying Cu2+, it is suggested that cucumber roots be examined regularly because roots are a better indicator for Cu2+ toxicity than leaf injury.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON GROWTH PARAMETERS OF MEDICINAL COLEUS (COLEUS FORSKOHLII BRIQ.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (supplement 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Muruganandam ◽  
R. Ezhilnilavu ◽  
S. Sivasankar
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Integrated Nutrient Management ◽  
Coleus Forskohlii ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Castor Cake

Medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq.) is one of the commercial Indian medicinal herb. It plays an important role in medicinal industry. The demand of tuberous roots is very high, but the productivity is very low. Therefore the integrated nutrient management could help in achieving higher growth in medicinal coleus. Thus, an experiment was conducted to know the “Effect of Integrated nutrient management on growth of medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq.)” at Sirukalathur village, Ariyalur District - Tamilnadu during the year 2018-2020. A field experiment was consist of different combination of nutrients viz., recommended dose of fertilizers, farmyard manure, neem cake, castor cake and bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum and Azotobacter). The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 10 treatments and three replications. Among these various treatments tried, plants supplied with T5 (75 % RDF + FYM @ 15 t ha-1 + Castor cake @ 2 t ha-1 + Azotobacter @10 kg ha-1) was recorded maximum growth parameters viz., plant height, number of branches plant-1, plant spread, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, LAI, fresh and dry weight of leaves and shoots plant-1 and dry matter production

Growth of bean plants at elevated carbon dioxide concentrations

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2021-2025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Jolliffe ◽  
David L. Ehret
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Pure Gold ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Leaf Formation ◽  
Suitable Index

Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pure Gold Wax were grown in controlled environment chambers at six CO2 concentrations ranging from 340 to 3000 μL L−1. Data for plant growth analysis were obtained from five harvests from 11 to 55 days after planting. Growth curves were fitted to the data using a cubic spline regression procedure. CO2 enrichment caused large and rapid increases in leaf dry weight, unit leaf rate, and specific leaf weight. Smaller responses included a decrease in leaf area ratio and an increase in leaf weight ratio. Root dry weight and leaf area were not significantly affected by CO2 treatments. Relative growth rate was initially higher in CO2-enriched plants and later declined; it may not be a suitable index for the evaluation of CO2 effects during long periods of growth. The results indicate that leaf formation and expansion were not limited by assimilate supply. Maximum growth and pod yield were obtained in plants grown at 1200 μL L−1 CO2.

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