Shoot-length frequencies in black birch (Betula lenta)

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1475-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Main Axis ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Individual Branch ◽  
Axis Elongation ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots

Lengths of all parent and current shoots were measured on three 8- to 10-year-old black birch (Betulalenta L.) trees with branches <8 years old. Older branches had more short shoots (<1 cm long) and shorter long shoots (>2 cm long) than younger branches. Parent long shoots produced three to nine basal short shoots. Observations on short-shoot production were consistent with the hypothesis that only buds with adequate nutrition formed long shoots. Three growth rules were developed for a model that simulated individual branch growth: (i) a regression predicting lateral shoot number from each parent shoot length; (ii) probabilities for the number of short shoots produced by a parent shoot based on the total number of current shoots produced per parent shoot; (iii) a regression predicting current shoot length from parent shoot length, current shoot position (longest to shortest), branch age, and main-axis elongation in the current and previous year. Simulations of 81 branches using these rules predicted shoot numbers and total shoot lengths close to those of the actual branches (R2 = 0.73–0.84).

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: an analysis of higher order branching

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Modelling ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Architectural Patterns ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Quantitative analysis and simulation modelling of Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch branches revealed a complex system of architectural patterns and correlations. Numbers of lateral buds and long shoots were positively correlated with parent-shoot length, but the relationships varied among shoot orders and for sylleptic shoots. For order 2 and sylleptic shoots, numbers of lateral long shoots were also correlated with associated terminal-shoot lengths. Sylleptic shoots produced more lateral long shoots than equivalent proleptic shoots. Lateral long-shoot lengths decreased basipetally and were correlated with terminal-shoot lengths. Lengths of order 2 lateral long shoots also varied independently with crown position. Generally, the degree of apical control decreased and the proportion of short shoots increased with positions of less vigour in the crown. Terminal long-shoot lengths varied with parent-shoot length, location, and to some extent parent-axis leader length. Terminal short-shoot production was associated with shorter parent shoots. Shorter order 2 shoots (<60 mm) and most order 3 shoots produced no lateral long shoots. The net result was that branch structural development ceased in less vigorous crown positions. The spatial disposition of shoots, as defined by elevation and divergence angles, varied with position of origin around and along parent shoots. Although variable, elevation angles decreased and divergence angles increased basipetally.

Leaf area development on different shoot types in a young aspen stand and its effect upon production

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1801-1804 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. W. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Area Development ◽  
Leaf Area Development ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

Different shoot types in aspen crowns carried leaves of different ages; leaders continued to produce leaves until early August and always carried some young leaves, whereas short shoots completed development by mid-June. Development of foliage on long shoots was intermediate between that on leaders and short shoots. Leaf area index of the 6-year-old stand reached a maximum of 2.4, of which 2.1 was contributed by short-shoot foliage. The rest was formed by leaders and long shoots. Young leaves on leaders and long shoots were not sufficient to influence total production in the stand appreciably, even though young aspen leaves may have high photosynthetic efficiencies. These young leaves could, however, influence height growth and lateral development of the canopy.

Shoot type demography and dry matter partitioning: a morphometric approach in apple (Malus ×domestica)

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (11) ◽  
pp. 1270-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre-Éric Lauri ◽  
Jean-Jacques Kelner
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Malus Domestica ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Canopy Structure ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Fruiting Branch ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Time Required

In a study of the apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) canopy structure, 5-year-old 'Fuji' and 'Braeburn' trees grafted on a low-vigour rootstock (M9) were compared at both fruiting branch and shoot levels. Percentages of short ([Formula: see text]5 cm) shoots and short shoot leaf area were significantly higher on 'Braeburn' than on 'Fuji', (76.8% vs. 72.6% and 46.9% vs. 42.9% for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively). This high percentage of short shoots as compared with literature data was probably due to the training method, which reduced vigour. At shoot level, the ratio between dry masses of axis and leaf, called the axialization index, was determined to compare short and long shoots. Axialization values were higher for 'Braeburn' than for 'Fuji'. Although overall and individual leaf area was greater on long shoots, long shoot axialization (0.64 and 0.54 for 'Braeburn' and 'Fuji', respectively) was approximately twice that of short shoots (0.36 and 0.24, respectively). Therefore, for short shoots, the reduced carbon investment in supporting tissues may explain the significant role short shoots played in supporting early fruit development. For long shoots, the longer time required to reach the autotrophic and then exporting stage as well as the detrimental effect of early extension shoot development on fruit set might be explained by greater axialization.Key words: long shoot, short shoot, axialization index, apple, Malus ×domestica, biomass partitioning.

Branch architecture of sagebrush and bitterbrush: use of a branch complex to describe and compare patterns of growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 1288-1295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Bilbrough ◽  
J. H. Richards
Keyword(s):  
Growth Form ◽  
Artemisia Tridentata ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Developmental Morphology ◽  
Branch Architecture ◽  
Purshia Tridentata ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Repeated Structure ◽  
Short Shoots

The concept of the modularity of plant growth form was incorporated with the fates of buds and used as a framework to describe the typical branch-level developmental morphology of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle) and bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C.). Typical branches included one 2-year-old long shoot and all 1-year-old long shoots originating from that twig. Growth patterns were examined by position along each long shoot within the experimental branches. Shoot fates were recorded for each node and biomass production was estimated. Both species had specific locations where vegetative long shoot production was higher than any other location within the experimental branches. Sagebrush had an overall linear (excurrent) growth form, with the leader long shoot much larger than lateral long shoots. Sagebrush produced many lateral long shoots and few short shoots. In contrast, bitterbrush had a branched (decurrent) growth form, with few long shoots and many short shoots. The leader rarely grew and was no larger than laterals. Knowledge of the location, frequency, and size of vegetative long shoot production within a branch complex provides an understanding of the repeated structure of plants. The branch-level approach provides the information necessary before the effects of environmental factors on growth patterns can be determined. Key words: Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (Rybd.) Beetle, branch architecture, bud fates, developmental morphology, Purshia tridentata (Pursh) D.C., shrub.

Shoot growth from the bud bank in black oak

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson ◽  
Matthew J. Kelty
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Bud Bank ◽  
Shoot Production ◽  
Shoot Number ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Black Oak ◽  
Stem Segments

The bud bank in black oak (Quercusvelutina Lam.) trees is composed of four bud types, with the first three occurring on current shoots: (i) large buds in terminal clusters; (ii) large intercluster buds; (iii) small leafless buds; and (iv) preventitious buds on older shoots. Leafless buds may grow and preventitious buds may form epicormic shoots after injuries to large buds. We applied clipping treatments to small trees growing in either shade or light to test for crown recovery of leaf number, leaf area, leaf weight, shoot number, and total shoot length. Removing the terminal bud cluster almost doubled the proportion of intercluster buds that produced shoots and did not affect crown parameters, compared with control trees. Removing all large buds increased epicormic shoot production, but did not affect crown parameters. Removing current shoots reduced only leaf area and leaf number in the shade. The more extreme clipping treatments released primarily 2-year-old preventitious buds, but only a few older buds. Buds of all ages could be forced on isolated stem segments. Mortality of buds from the 1st to 2nd year was more than 90% for buds with leaves and about 50% for leafless buds.

Shoot development in Betula papyrifera. IV. Comparisons between growth characteristics and expression of vegetative long and short shoots

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cartey Caesar ◽  
Alastair D. Macdonald
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Axillary Buds ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots

Postflush observations on shoots of Betula papyrifera Marsh. indicated that long and short shoots differ in a range of morphological characteristics. Long shoots developed from distal axillary buds and short shoots developed from proximal axillary buds on the previous year's long shoots. Consequently, the potential of a bud to develop into a long shoot decreased basipetally. Potential long-shoot buds had higher bud-relative growth rates, stem-relative growth rates, leaf-relative growth rates, and stem dry weights during the course of postflush growth. Changes in leaf thickness, expressed in terms of specific leaf area and specific leaf weight, indicated that long shoots temporarily had thinner leaves than did short shoots a few weeks after flushing. Net assimilate requirements in long shoots for late leaf and internodal expansion may explain these observations. Nearing maturity, long-shoot early leaves became thicker, possibly owing to greater shoot vigour and (or) higher photosynthetic efficiency. Consequently, mature long-shoot early leaves possessed larger and thicker laminae, longer petioles, more side nerve pairs, and tended to grow more in length than width than short-shoot leaves on shoots of comparable age. Leaves of older short shoots, 2–10 years old, attained a greater size and had longer petioles than those of 1-year-old short shoots. Stem elongation and the development and expression of leaves in long shoots seemed to have a correlative influence on the overall vigour of long shoots.

The Pentoxylon plant

1985 ◽  
Vol 310 (1142) ◽  
pp. 77-108 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Male Flower ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Leafy Shoots ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Head Type

The various dispersed organs belonging to the Pentoxylon plant viz. Pentoxylon (stem), Nipaniophyllum (leaf), Sahnia (male flower) and Carnoconites (female cone) have been studied in detail. Apart from the long shoots (type 1 shoots), the plant bore three different kinds of short shoots: the thick woody short shoots, each with a broadly conical head (type 2 shoots); the slender parenchymatous short shoots (type 3 shoots); and the slightly thicker parenchymatous short shoot (type 4 shoot) terminating in a Sahnia flower. In addition to the well known Nipaniophyllum raoi leaves a second species, N. hobsonii sp. nov., is recognized. In Sahnia the sporangiophores were borne on a collar-like structure formed by the raised margin of the receptacle. The broadly conical head of the thick woody short shoot (type 2 shoot) might be the basis of the cone-bearing branchlets of Carnoconites fruits. The seeds of Carnoconites are spirally arranged rather than being in longitudinal rows as previously suggested. Pentoxylon was probably a shrubby plant which grew beside water. It sent up erect branched leafy shoots which after a few seasons of growth flopped onto the ground or on other stems, making a thicket. Although the stem, Pentoxylon , resembles Medullosa and Rhexoxylon anatomically, the reproductive parts of the plant, Sahnia and Carnoconites , are unlike those of any group of gymnosperms. The Pentoxylon plant is accordingly regarded as an extinct gymnosperm of unknown affinity. Nipanioxylon guptai has previously been regarded as related to Pentoxylon , but its holotype is believed to be a conifer and has nothing to do with the Pentoxylon plant.

scholarly journals Short Shoot Growth and Reproduction Response to Light Conditions Vary with Order Branching in the Proximal Part of C. atlantica Crown

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Fatima-Ezzahra Saouab ◽  
Mohammed Bendriss Amraoui
Keyword(s):  
Sun Exposure ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Proximal Part ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Branch Order ◽  
Individual Branch ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

This study compared the effects of shading in individual branch orders 2 and 3 on the needle survival, growth, and reproduction of five categories of short shoots of the proximal part of wild Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica (Endl.) G. Manetti ex Carrière). The sun exposure did not affect the number of short shoots in the two branch orders, whereas light compared to shade only stimulates the unbranched short shoot elongation of the branch order 3. The impact of shade exposure compared to sun on the loss of needles depends on the order of branching; it is weak to order 2 and increases to higher order. This effect in the branch order 3 is achieved by a significant decrease of the fallen leaf number in the unbranched short shoot SSnr and the short shoot SS/T worn by Twigs while in the branch order 2 only short shoot SS (nr + r) loses significantly few needles. In terms of short shoot extension and needle loss, the SS/T of the branch order 3 behaves in the same way as the SS (nr + r) of the branch order 2. The shadow compared to sunlit only decreases significantly the production of pollen strobili of the branch order 2. Close relationships between short shoot extension, leaf life span, and pollen strobili production of axillary products in the proximal part of C. atlantica crown were found.

Crown architecture of Larix laricina saplings: shoot preformation and neoformation and their relationships to shoot vigour

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2181-2192 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey ◽  
G. R. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Crown Architecture ◽  
Short Shoot ◽  
Shoot Buds ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds

Resting buds from five locations on long shoots in each of six crown positions were compared for 30 Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch saplings. At each locus, bud sizes, numbers of bud scales and preformed leaf primordia (basal and axial for long-shoot buds), and apical widths were positively related to parent-shoot length. Along individual shoots, (i) terminal and lateral long-shoot buds contained fewer basal-leaf primordia than the more proximal short-shoot buds; (ii) terminal buds contained the most bud scales and axial-leaf primordia; and (iii) numbers of bud scales increased, while numbers of axial-leaf primordia generally decreased, basipetally among lateral buds. Comparison of bud leaf content with leaves on elongated shoots by regression showed that numbers of preformed and neoformed leaves increased with shoot length, but numbers of neoformed leaves did so to a greater degree. Internode lengths, numbers of leaves per lateral bud produced, and leaf lengths were greater on neoformed than on preformed shoot segments. Because of their capacity for neoformed growth following preformed growth and because of increases in internode lengths among all axial leaves, shoots from subjacent lateral buds replaced experimentally decapitated tree leaders (terminal buds) in one season, with little or no loss of height growth.

Compensatory shoot growth in young black birch and red maple trees

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brayton F. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Whole Tree

Black birch (Betulalenta L.) and red maple (Acerrubrum L.) trees 1.5–2 m tall responded by compensatory (increased) shoot growth following a single treatment where shoots on the whole tree were clipped. Total shoot length of clipped trees recovered to control levels after 1 year's growth. The remaining buds on clipped shoots grew more than they would have without clipping. Frequency distributions of shoot lengths shifted toward longer lengths in clipped trees in the 1st year, but were similar to controls 2 years after clipping. The longest shoots were as long, or longer, on clipped shoots as on unclipped shoots. The major compensatory growth mechanism was increased growth of lateral buds. Clipping induced a few preventi-tious buds to form shoots and a few unclipped short shoots to grow as long shoots.

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