Variance in response of pole-size trees and seedlings of Douglas-fir and western hemlock to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1431-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Radwan ◽  
J. S. Shumway ◽  
D. S. DeBell ◽  
J. M. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
P Fertilizers

Three experiments were conducted to determine effects of N and P fertilizers on growth and levels of plant-tissue nutrients of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.). Both pole-size trees in closed-canopy stands and potted seedlings were used. Soil series were Bunker for Douglas-fir and Klone for western hemlock in experiments 1 and 3, and Vesta in experiment 2. For each species in experiments 1 and 2, P and N fertilizers were tested in six or eight treatments using factorial design. In experiment 3, N and P fertilizers were individually tested on seedlings, at one rate of application each. Nitrogen fertilizers used were urea in experiment 1 and ammonium nitrate in the other two experiments; P was applied as triple superphosphate in all three experiments. In general, fertilization changed levels of some plant-tissue nutrients of the pole-size trees and potted seedlings. Neither height nor basal-area growth of the trees was significantly affected by any of the fertilization treatments in the first two experiments. Seedling growth of both Douglas-fir and western hemlock was dramatically improved by the P fertilizer, but was negatively affected by the N fertilizer. Results clearly show differences between pole-size trees and seedlings in response to N and P fertilizers. They also suggest that N not be applied where soils are high in N and low in P and that P applications be confined to sites with low-P soils, when trees are young, before canopy closure.

Effect of forest floor on growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings with and without fertilizer

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1222-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Radwan
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Growth And Nutrition ◽  
Forest Floors ◽  
P Fertilizers

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of four different forest soils on growth and shoot nutrients of potted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) seedlings, in absence and in presence of forest floor, and with and without N and P fertilizers. Nine-month-old seedlings from low-elevation seed sources were used, and seedlings were grown for 2 years in a roofed lathhouse. Soils were of the Klone, Vesta, Bunker, and Shelton series; Klone and Vesta soils, and Bunker and Shelton soils, were collected from western hemlock and Douglas-fir stands, respectively. The fertilizers ammonium nitrate at 100 kg N/ha and triple superphosphate at 226 kg P/ha were tested. The forest floor, at 70 g/7.6-L pot, and the N and P fertilizers were added to the top of the planting pots without mixing. The forest floors and mineral soils differed by source in many of the chemical characteristics determined. Overall, seedling growth of Douglas-fir and western hemlock was better in the Klone and Shelton soils than in the Bunker and Vesta soils. Seedlings, especially those of western hemlock, grew better with than without forest floor. The N fertilizer reduced seedling growth of both species and, in some soils, reductions were more with than without forest floor. The P fertilizer improved seedling growth of both species in all soils and, with one exception, growth was much greater in the presence than in the absence of the forest floor. With both species, soil, forest-floor, and fertilization treatments affected concentrations and contents of the various shoot nutrients determined. The nutritional changes observed varied by nutrient and reflected differences in uptake of native and fertilizer nutrients, as well as changes in shoot dry weight. The results demonstrate the importance of the forest floor to growth and nutrition of Douglas-fir and western hemlock seedlings, especially when fertilizers are used.

scholarly journals Cadmium Uptake by Cucumber from Soil Amended with Phosphorus Fertilizers

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 615-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Huang ◽  
S. Kuo ◽  
R. Bembenek
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Uptake Coefficient ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Vine Growth ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizers

Cadmium (Cd) concentrations in some phosphorus (P) fertilizers may be high enough to cause significant Cd accumulation in plants. A 2-year field experiment was conducted on a Sultan silt loam (Aquandic Xerochrept) to determine how the availability to cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) of Cd from a triple superphosphate (TSP) and a western phosphate rock (PR) was affected by rate of Cd input and liming. A water-soluble Cd salt, CdCl2, was included for comparison. Cucumber vine growth increased with increasing TSP application rates but was unaffected by the application of PR or CdCl2. Cucumber fruit yield, however, was unaffected by the application of either P fertilizer or CdCl2. Concentrations of Cd in cucumber vine or fruit responded to increased Cd inputs from PR, TSP, or CdCl2, and the vine was the primary sink for Cd that accumulated in the plant. Both vine and fruit Cd correlated better with soil total Cd than with labile Cd extractable by 0.05 m CaCl2 or DTPA (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid). A unique characteristic of cucumber vine- or fruit-Cd is that it was unaffected (P > 0.05) by lime rate and Cd source and not closely related to labile or exchangeable Cd as measured by 0.05 m CaCl2, in contrast to previous findings for other vegetable or grain crops. Root exudates could have controlled the solubility of Cd in the soil. The low availability of Cd from these sources to the plant was evidenced by the low uptake coefficient of Cd (0.461 to 1.059) from the soil to the cucumber fruit and low Cd recovery (0.43%) in both vine and fruit of Cd added.

Effect of Zn on the concentration of Cd and Zn in plant tissue of two durum wheat lines

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Choudhary ◽  
L. D. Bailey ◽  
C. A. Grant ◽  
D. Leisle
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Order Root ◽  
Wheat Lines ◽  
P Fertilizers

Irrespective of fertilizer treatments, durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) Cd concentration was lowest in the grain and highest in the roots and was in the order: root > leaf > stem > grain. Soil-applied Zn decreased the Cd concentrations in durum wheat grain, leaf, stem, and root. But, foliar application of Zn resulted in Zn loading of the leaf and stem and had little effect on plant Cd concentration. Application of P and N plus P fertilizer increased tissue Cd concentration and decreased stem and leaf Zn concentration to near insufficiency, while application of Zn to soil with N plus P fertilizers increased tissue Zn concentration to sufficiency level and decreased plant Cd concentration of the two durum wheat lines. Key words: Cd, durum wheat, Zn, dry matter, plant tissue

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN RADIAL GROWTH AT BREAST HEIGHT OF SOME WESTERN HEMLOCK AND DOUGLAS FIR TREES, 1953-57

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braham G. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Total Growth

Radial increment was recorded at weekly intervals for 68 Douglas fir and 14 western hemlock trees throughout the growing season for the years 1953-57 inclusive. The average diameter, inside bark at breast height, was 13.9 inches for the Douglas firs and 11.9 inches for the western hemlock. Growth for both species generally commenced during the first week of May. The average length of the growing season for Douglas fir was 146 days and for western hemlock 156 days. Douglas fir completed a greater percentage of its total growth earlier in the season than did western hemlock, accounting for an average of 83 per cent of its basal area growth by July 31 compared to 68 per cent for western hemlock. Growth in both 1956 and 1957 was considerably below that of each of the preceding three years. This was attributed partly to the severe frost damage to the trees in November 1955.

scholarly journals Fertilizing Lychee Plants with Phosphorus at Time of Planting in Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Renato de Mello Prado ◽  
Ancélio Ricardo de Oliveira Gondim ◽  
Marcus André Ribeiro Correia
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Triple Superphosphate ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Second Year ◽  
P Fertilizers

The objective of this research was to study the effects of P fertilizers applied at time of planting on lychees’ nutritional status and on plant growth. The treatments consisted of five doses of P: zero, 50, 100, 200, and 300 g of P2O5per plant, furnished by triple superphosphate. Plant diameter was evaluated during two years and the plants’ nutritional status on the second year. The second year foliar levels of macro and micronutrients (with the exception of Zn) were increased by the P fertilizer. The orchard’s initial development, especially during the second year, was also influenced by the fertilizer. The P doses of 164 and 158 g of P2O5per plant resulted in the largest plant diameter after the first and the second year, respectively. These doses were found to be associated with a foliar P level of <1.4 g kg−1.

Tree population dynamics, growth, and mortality in old-growth forests in the western Olympic Mountains, Washington

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 512-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Edmonds ◽  
Ted B. Thomas ◽  
Kathleen P. Maybury
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Creek Watershed ◽  
Tree Population ◽  
Western Red Cedar

Tree population dynamics, growth, and mortality were determined in old-growth forested watersheds in the Hoh River valley, Olympic Peninsula, Washington: West Twin Creek (elevation 180–850 m) and Hoh Lake (elevation 1250–1525 m). Principal tree species at West Twin Creek are Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forb.), western red cedar (Thujaplicata D. Don), and Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). At Hoh Lake they are Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock (Tsugamertensiana (Bong.) Carr.), and Alaska cedar (Chamaecyparisnootkatensis (D. Don) Spach). In 1985 stem densities for trees >5 cm DBH averaged 476 and 489 ha−1 in the upper and lower West Twin Creek watershed, respectively, and 508 ha−1 at Hoh Lake watershed. Stem densities at both sites declined 3–5% from 1985 to 1990. Western hemlock and Pacific silver fir were the dominant species at West Twin Creek and Hoh Lake, respectively. From 1985 to 1990 the annual mortality rate was 0.8% at West Twin Creek and 0.9% at Hoh Lake. Pacific silver fir had the highest mortality rate. No Douglas-fir or western red cedar trees died. The primary causes of mortality were as follows: suppression–unknown, diseases, insects, and windthrow. In 1985 basal areas were 77, 87, and 94 m2•ha−1 in the lower and upper West Twin Creek watershed and Hoh Lake watershed, respectively. There was a 5% increase and a 1% decrease in basal area from 1985 to 1990 in the lower and upper West Twin Creek watershed, respectively, and a 4% decrease at Hoh Lake. Western red cedar, Douglas-fir, and western hemlock increased in basal area, while the other species declined.

Bedrock type significantly affects individual tree mortality for various conifers in the inland Northwest, U.S.A.

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Moore ◽  
David A Hamilton Jr. ◽  
Yu Xiao ◽  
John Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Western White Pine ◽  
Inland Northwest

Individual tree mortality models for western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.), western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex. D. Don), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) were developed using data from permanent research plots located throughout the inland Northwest. The proposed linear logistic models included the following independent variables: diameter at breast height, basal area in larger trees, basal area per hectare, individual tree diameter increment, and a set of dummy variables for the six bedrock types, which were granite, basalt, metasedimentary, sedimentary, mixed – glacial till, and deep deposit. The results show that rock type significantly affects individual tree mortality for western white pine, Douglas-fir, and western redcedar, while grand fir, western hemlock, and western larch were not affected. Western white pine and Douglas-fir growing on meta sedimentary rocks exhibited greater mortality probabilities than on other rocks. Mortality probabilities for western hemlock were low across all rock types, including "nutrient-poor" rocks like metasedimentary types.

Preliminary DRIS norms for coastal Douglas-fir soils in Washington and Oregon

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Shumway ◽  
H.N. Chappell
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Limiting Nutrient ◽  
Diagnostic Work

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has been used successfully in agricultural crops and holds promise for use in forest stands. This study used soil tests to develop DRIS norms and evaluate their effectiveness in coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests. DRIS norms for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were developed using soil test and site index data from 72 soil series that commonly support Douglas-fir in western Washington. The norms were tested using soil test and stand basal area growth response data from 20 thinned and 30 unthinned N fertilizer test sites in coastal Washington and Oregon. Response to urea fertilizer in thinned stands averaged 34% and 43% for 224 and 448 kg N•ha−1, respectively, when N was identified as the most limiting nutrient. When N was not the most limiting nutrient, N response averaged 8% and 10% for 224 and 448 kg N•ha−1, respectively. Results were similar in unthinned stands and thinned stands, although response to fertilizer appeared to be slightly less in unthinned stands when N was the most limiting nutrient. DRIS correctly classified 25 of the 33 sites (76%) where N fertilizer increased growth by more than 15%. More importantly, 13 of the 17 (76%) sites that responded by less than 15% were correctly identified by DRIS. The results clearly indicate that N fertilizer response is dependent on the interactions (balance) between soil nutrients at a given site. Future soil diagnostic work needs to focus on techniques, like DRIS, that provide an assessment of these interactions.

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