Relationships among jack pine budworm damage, selected tree characteristics, and Armillaria root rot in jack pine

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1791-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. I. Mallett ◽  
W. J. A. Volney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Tree Condition

Trees in a 94-year-old jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) stand defoliated by the jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinus Freeman) were examined to see if there was an association of root condition and stem growth with tree condition. Healthy trees had heavier root systems, larger root volumes, and larger annual volume increments than top-killed or dead trees in the years prior to elevated tree mortality within the stand. Roots of all the dead trees contained Armillariaostoyae (Romag.) Herink (North American Biological Species I). Three of five top-killed trees and one of five healthy trees were infected by A. ostoyae. There was no clear indication whether infection by root pathogens determines the extent to which trees are damaged following jack pine budworm defoliation, or conversely, whether repeated defoliation predisposes trees to root pathogen attack. Numbers of live branches in the crown, radial increment over the past 10 years, and prevalence of Armillaria root rot within a stand may be used to hazard rate stands prior to budworm outbreaks. The management implications of the results are discussed.

Relating jack pine budworm damage to stand inventory variables in northern Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2180-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah G. McCullough ◽  
Lyle J. Buss ◽  
Larry D. Marshall ◽  
Jari Kouki
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Northern Michigan

Stand-level mortality and top kill from a 1991–1993 jack pine budworm (Choristoneurapinuspinus Freeman) outbreak were surveyed annually in the Raco Plains area of the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula from 1992 to 1994. Defoliation was visually estimated and percentage of trees killed or top killed was determined in 104 stands. In 1994, tree mortality attributable to the outbreak averaged 8% and 17% of trees had dead tops. Current stand inventory data, including age, site index, basal area, and size, were acquired from the Hiawatha Forest. Stands were grouped on the basis of inventory variables used for jack pine management in the Lake States region of the United States. Differences in tree mortality and top kill between groups, and associations between tree mortality and inventory variables, were evaluated. Tree mortality was greater in overmature stands and in overstocked stands, but stand size had little effect. Contrary to expectations, mortality was lower on poor sites with low site index values than on better sites with higher site index values. Mortality was not related to abundance of open-grown, full-canopied wolf trees or to abundance of trees infected with pine gall rust (Endocronartiumharknessii (J.P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka (=Peridermiumharknessii J.P. Moore)). Amount of top kill was related to defoliation severity and was higher in overmature and understocked stands. Top kill was not strongly associated with amount of tree mortality or with inventory variables.

scholarly journals Field Testing Peach Rootstocks for Resistance to Armillaria Root Rot

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Beckman ◽  
P.L. Pusey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Peach Rootstocks

Armillaria root rot is the second leading cause of peach tree mortality (after peach tree short life) in the southeastern United States. Currently, there are no commercially available rootstocks for peach with proven resistance to this pathogen in the United States. Since 1983, we have been screening rootstock candidates for resistance to Armillaria utilizing naturally infected field sites. Inoculation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], plum (P. cerasifera J.F. Ehrh., P. munsoniana F.W. Wight & Hedr., P. salicina Lindl. or P. angustifolia Marsh.) × peach and plum × plum hybrid rootstocks with infected plant tissue (such as acorns, Quercus sp.) prior to planting has provided a significantly increased infection and mortality of candidate rootstock lines in comparison with sole reliance on natural inoculum on an infested site.

Infection of lodgepole pine and white spruce by Alberta isolates of Armillaria

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin S. Mugala ◽  
Peter V. Blenis ◽  
Yasuyuki Hiratsuka ◽  
Kenneth I. Mallett
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) is less liable than lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) to be attacked by Alberta isolates of Armillaria. In the first experiment, 27 two-year-old containerized pine and spruce were inoculated with each of 19 different isolates representing North American biological species (NABS) I and V, the Foothills variant of NABS I, and A. mellea s.str. In the second experiment, 10 containerized seedlings of both species were inoculated with eight different isolates of NABS I and transferred to 2-L pots 2 months later. Inoculum survived better in association with spruce seedlings than with pine. In both experiments, spruce seedlings were more frequently infected than pine seedlings, and more likely to die when infected, although this difference was significant only in the first experiment. Favoring or planting spruce on sites with Armillaria root rot, therefore, cannot be recommended in Alberta.

scholarly journals Preventative Root-Collar Excavation Reduces Peach Tree Mortality Caused By Armillaria Root Rot On Replant Sites

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1274-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah. B. Miller ◽  
Ksenija Gasic ◽  
Gregory L. Reighard ◽  
William G. Henderson ◽  
Phillip A. Rollins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Standard Treatment ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Disease Pressure ◽  
Root Collar

In the southeastern United States, Armillaria root rot (ARR) is caused by Desarmillaria tabescens and has become the primary cause of premature mortality in peach orchards. Most rootstocks used in commercial orchards are susceptible and management options are limited. A postinfection practice known as root-collar excavation (RCE), which involves permanent removal of the soil from the base of the trunk, has been shown to improve yields and prolong the productive life of symptomatic trees. However, symptomatic trees already have an advanced infection at the base of the trunk. This study evaluated the efficacy of preventative RCE on the progression of tree mortality in two orchards that were planted in infested replant sites. To provide convincing data for growers, the study was carried out in a commercial orchard and an experimental orchard for 8 years. Furthermore, representative enterprise budgets and net present value (NPV) analysis were utilized to compare the profitability of the two approaches. Trees were planted shallow on berms (45 by 90 cm) to facilitate RCE with hoes and AirSpade 2 years later. Tree mortality in the RCE treatment of the experimental orchard was first observed in year 6 and increased 8% on average per year thereafter. In contrast, tree mortality in the “Grower Standard” treatment was first observed in year 4 and increased 12.7% on average per year thereafter. At the commercial orchard, tree mortality in the RCE treatment was first observed in year 7 and increased 1.9% on average thereafter, while tree mortality in the Grower Standard treatment first appeared in year 5 and increased 4.3% on average thereafter. The delayed onset of ARR-associated tree mortality and the lower annual tree mortality rate in the RCE treatment led to higher NPVs in both locations. There were no negative effects on yield or fruit quality. However, the new planting system can create horticultural challenges, including the formation of a proper berm, uneven ground around the tree interfering with tree care and harvest, increased erosion due to channeling of rainwater, and increased rootstock suckering. The RCE is a valid option for southeastern growers needing to manage high ARR disease pressure on replant sites or on sites only recently cleared from ARR-infected forest land.

scholarly journals (92) Preplant Practices to Manage Armillaria Root Rot Disease and Other Soil Pathogens on a Commercial Peach Replant Site

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1028D-1029
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Soil Pathogens ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot

In 2003, a replicated long-term research trial was established on a commercial peach replant site with a history of Armillaria root rot and other soilborne diseases. The objectives of the trial were to determine the short- and long-term effects of preplant fumigation, rootstock, and preplant root dipping with mycorrhizal fungi and beneficial bacteria on tree growth, productivity, and survival. Preplant fumigants included none (control), methyl bromide, Telone II, or Enzone. Rootstocks tested included Guardian, Lovell, and Halford. Root dipping (or not) was with MycorTree. The scion cultivar was Big Red. There were a total of 24 experimental treatment combinations and the trial site comprised more than 1500 trees on 11.5 acres. By 2 years after planting, fumigation with Enzone was disadvantageous when compared with no treatment at all. Enzone-treated blocks had higher tree mortality or were significantly reduced in growth compared to other treatments. Preplant fumigation with Telone II or methyl bromide, however, resulted in reduced tree stunting and phytotoxicity and increased tree growth when compared to the untreated control. After 2 years, 10% of the total trees planted were dead. Half of these were from the Enzone treatment. Enzone does not appear to be a viable preplant fumigation product for South Carolina peach growers, based on this preliminary data. Both Guardian and Halford rootstocks had performance superior to Lovell during the first 2 years. Although Guardian trees were smaller than Halford at the time of planting, by the end of the second growing season, their TCA was not significantly different. There was no benefit to preplant root dipping with MycorTree. Experimental results were not influenced by the location of trees on the site.

scholarly journals Armillaria Root Rot Damage in Softwood Plantations in Ontario

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Annual Mortality

Armillaria root rot. caused most likely by Armillaria obscura (Pers) Herink, killed 6-to 21-year-old white spruce, black spruce, jack pine and red pine saplings in each of 49 plantations examined in northern Ontario. Annual mortality in the four species over the last 2 to 6 years averaged 1.4%, 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. In all but one of 25 white spruce and red pine plantations (43 to 58 years old) in eastern and southern Ontario. Armillaria root rot was associated with mortality. Accumulated mortality in white spruce and red pine (initially recorded in 1978) averaged 7.6% and 11.7%, respectively, as of 1986. Current annual mortality for all plantations ranged from 0% to 16%. Key words: root rot. Armillaria obscura, white spruce, black spruce, jack pine, red pine.

Soil affects Armillaria root rot of lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1638-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Blenis ◽  
Martin S. Mugala ◽  
Yasuyuki Hiratsuka
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Linear Analysis ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Production Frequency ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Seedling Infection ◽  
Different Soils

A total of 768 two-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) seedlings were transplanted into four different soils, having different capabilities for supporting lodgepole pine growth. Thirty days later, they were inoculated with either of two isolates of North American Biological Species I (Armillariaostoyae (Romag.) Herink) of Armillaria. Log–linear analysis indicated that soil type had a significant effect on inoculum viability, rhizomorph production, frequency of seedling infection, and the likelihood of tree death following infection.

Ten-year tree mortality following a jack pine budworm outbreak in Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1784-1793 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jan A Volney
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Individual Trees

The fate of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees growing in a variety of stand conditions was assessed annually for a decade following an outbreak of jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus Freeman) in central Saskatchewan. Mortality was clearly associated with the severity and damage sustained by the trees during the second year of the defoliation episode. The pattern of mortality was remarkably similar among stands that originated in decades that spanned 60 years. Mortality rates were highest in stands that originated in the 1890s and were lowest in stands of the most recent origin (1940s). Defoliation severity, the length of dead top, diameter at breast height, and relative tree height expressed as a standard normal variable accounted for 94% of the variability in survival time. A nonparametric proportional hazards model was developed to evaluate the relative risk of individual trees dying. Defoliation is an important process in determining stand density, basal area, and volume after juvenile stand development is complete. The results presented suggest a novel method to determine the hazard of trees in stands and thus assess the vulnerability of stands to future budworm attack.

Long-term effects of jack pine budworm outbreaks on the growth of jack pine trees in Michigan

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1510-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley E Conway ◽  
Deborah G McCullough ◽  
Larry A Leefers
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Upper Peninsula ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Jack Pine Budworm ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Choristoneura Pinus Pinus ◽  
Upper Peninsula Of Michigan

Growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) trees from the Raco Plains area in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan was examined over an 18-year period (1978-1995) that included two jack pine budworm (Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman) outbreaks. Specific volume increments were calculated for 84 trees grouped into three classes based on their status in 1996; 36 trees were undamaged, 24 trees had been recently top-killed, and 24 trees had been recently killed. Average growth was converted to proportion of previous years' growth for three periods: before the 1983-1985 outbreak, between the 1983-1985 and 1991-1993 outbreak, and after the onset of the 1991-1993 outbreak. Differences in growth over these periods among undamaged, recently top-killed, and recently killed trees were evaluated. Growth did not differ among the three groups before the 1983-1985 outbreak. From 1983-1990, undamaged and recently top-killed trees grew significantly more than recently killed trees. There was no difference in average growth from 1983 to 1990 between undamaged and recently top-killed trees. Growth of undamaged trees was significantly greater than growth of recently top-killed trees following the onset of defoliation from the 1991-1993 outbreak. Patterns of growth loss suggest that a history of defoliation stress from multiple budworm outbreaks was an important determinant of tree mortality.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document