Atmospheric CO2 enrichment and the development of frost hardiness in containerized black spruce seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1392-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hank A. Margolis ◽  
Louis-P. Vézina
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Co2 Enrichment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Controlled Freezing

The hypothesis that a relatively brief exposure to elevated atmospheric CO2 could increase the frost resistance of shoots was tested on containerized black spruce seedlings (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Seedlings were exposed to 1000 ppm CO2 toward the end of their second growing season in an unheated production tunnel and in a heated greenhouse. In 1987, continuous 10-week CO2 exposures were applied in conjunction with mineral nutrient fertilization, and freezing tests were conducted each week. In 1988, a series of shorter 2-week CO2 exposures was applied to different groups of seedlings and no mineral nutrients were added. Controlled freezing tests were conducted at −10 °C and were followed by electrolytic conductivity measurements to assess frost injury. Under all experimental conditions, freezing tests on seedlings from both the production tunnel and the greenhouse indicated significantly greater frost damage for the CO2-enriched seedlings than for the controls. Late-growing season CO2 enrichment negatively affected the bud initiation – bud development stage of frost-hardiness development.

Development of freezing tolerance in roots and shoots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aija Ryyppö ◽  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Elina Vapaavuori
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Scots Pine ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Day Treatment ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Extracellular Resistance

The hardening of hydroponically cultured Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings and their recovery after freezing was studied at the end of the second growing season (LD), after 3 weeks of short day treatment (SD), after a gradual decrease in temperature to 5°C over 4 weeks (H1), and after 4 weeks at 5°C (H2). Frost hardiness was determined by several methods and the recovery as survival of the seedlings. The highest frost hardiness was achieved in the distal parts of needles (-21 to -27°C) and in the proximal parts of needles (-18 to -25°C), followed by woody roots (-7 to -9°C), the 1-year-old and current stem (-8°C), and the fine roots (-5°C), all at the end of H2. Hardening of needles was induced by SD, but the stem and woody roots started to harden later, as a response to low temperature. As a result of frost treatment during LD and SD, potential plasma membrane roman H+-ATPase activity of roots decreased as electrolyte leakage increased and extracellular resistance decreased, but this relationship was lost during H1 and H2. The present study demonstrates the lack of hardening capacity in the fine roots of Scots pine seedlings at nonfreezing temperatures and the increased mortality of the young seedlings having frost damage on roots.

scholarly journals New Insights in Potato Leaf Freezing by Infrared Thermography

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Stegner ◽  
Tanja Schäfernolte ◽  
Gilbert Neuner
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Thermography ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Ice Nucleation ◽  
Freezing Behavior ◽  
Ice Formation ◽  
Potato Leaf ◽  
Viability Assessment ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Controlled Freezing

Infrared thermography has been widely used to study freezing processes in freezing resistant plants but hardly in freezing susceptible species. Solanum tuberosum leaves get frost killed at −3 °C and are unable to frost harden. The basic nature of frost injury to potato leaves is not clear. By employment of infrared differential thermal analysis (IDTA) in combination with viability assessment, we aimed to clarify the mechanistic relationship between ice formation and frost injury. During controlled freezing of potato leaves two distinct freezing events were detected by IDTA. During the first freezing event, the ice wave propagated via the xylem and spread out within 60 s throughout the whole leaf. When leaves were rewarmed after this freezing event, they did not show any frost injury symptoms. We suggest that this non-lethal first ice wave is restricted to the extracellular space. When leaves remained exposed after this exotherm, a second freezing event with a diffuse freezing pattern without a distinct starting point was recorded. When thawed after this second freezing event, leaves always showed frost damage suggesting intracellular freezing. The freezing behavior of potato leaves and its relation to frost damage corroborates that control of ice nucleation is a key for frost protection.

scholarly journals Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots of Vitis vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrids in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lisek
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Vitis Labruscana ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
One Year

Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots ofVitis viniferacultivars and interspecific hybrids in PolandFollowing the winter of 2009/2010, an assessment of frost damage was carried out on the vines of 40 wine cultivars and 32 table grape cultivars grown in central Poland (Skierniewice, latitude 51° 57' N, longitude 20° 08' E). The minimum winter temperature of -28.1°C was recorded on 26 January 2010. Cultivars were assigned to five classes of different frost tolerance, according to information on the percentage of frozen buds: very resistant (below 1.9%), resistant (2 - 24.9%), medium susceptible (25 - 74.9%), susceptible (75 - 95.9%) and very susceptible (above 96%). The numbers of wine and table cultivars in each class were as follows: very resistant - 5 (wine) and 3 (table), resistant - 2 and 5, medium susceptible - 15 and 10, susceptible - 13 and 9 and very susceptible - 5 and 5. The most tolerant were the ‘Alwood’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Fredonia’ and ‘Zilga’ interspecific hybrids of theVitis labruscanagroup; the ‘Aurore’, ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Leon Millot’ hybrids originating fromV. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. ripariaandV. lincecumiiand ‘Sibera’ originating fromV. viniferaandV. amurensis.More than 96% of buds froze on the vines of some interspecific hybrids (‘Arkadia’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Kodrianka’ and ‘Lilla’). ‘Ortega’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Cserszegi Fueszeres’, ‘Riesling’ and ‘Chasselas Dore’ from theV. viniferacultivars showed the best tolerance to frost damage (42.5-62% of frozen buds). The buds of theV. viniferacultivars ‘Acolon’, ‘Dakapo’ and ‘Favorit’ all froze. Plant parts covered with soil and snow were not exposed to significant damage, even in the case of susceptible cultivars.

The relationship between multiple leaders and mechanical and frost damage to the apical meristem of Scots pine seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmo K. Holopainen
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Multiple Leaders

The responses of young Scots pine seedlings to mechanical apical meristem damage before and after 4 nights exposure to minimum night temperatures of −2.2 and −6.7 °C in controlled environment growth chambers were compared with control seedlings that were subjected or not to apical meristem damage and exposed to a minimum night temperature of 12 °C. The feeding damage caused by Lygus bugs was simulated by piercing the apical meristem of young pine seedlings with a hypodermic syringe needle and injecting a small drop of distilled water into the wound. At −6.7 °C increased numbers of dead seedlings were found. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders greatly increased after piercing, and about half of the seedlings subjected to the apical meristem damage had multiple leaders. The proportion of seedlings with multiple leaders and the number of leader shoots per seedling did not differ among seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before or after the frost exposure. Short and twisted primary needles occurred in the basal parts of the new shoots in the seedlings with multiple leaders. Seedlings with necrotic needles were most often found after exposure to the night temperature of −6.7 °C. Shoot dry weight and length were significantly lower in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage after frost exposure than in seedlings subjected to apical meristem damage before frost exposure or to no frost exposure. The results suggest that an increased reduction in growth is to be expected if Lygus bug attacks occur on pine seedlings that already suffer from frost injury.

Frost Injury and Performance of Coffee at 23° S in Brazil

1986 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Androcioli Filho ◽  
R. Siqueira ◽  
P. H. Caramori ◽  
M. A. Pavan ◽  
T. Sera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
And Performance

SUMMARYEighteen arabica coffee introductions from the USDA germplasm collection were planted at 23° S latitude in Brazil from 1977 to 1982 to assess their yield potential and frost hardiness, compared with the cultivar Catuai Amarelo which is extensively planted in Brazil. Nine of the introductions had similar yields to Catuai Amarelo. Erecta T966 and Harrar yielded as well as Catuai Amarelo and were also more frost hardy. Tall, early maturing coffee varieties showed the least frost injury.

Interaction of nutrient-loaded black spruce seedlings with neighbouring vegetation in greenhouse environments

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1017-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Malik ◽  
Victor R. Timmer
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Nutrient Reserves ◽  
Accumulation Slope

The interaction of newly planted, nutrient-loaded black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) seedlings with naturally occurring vegetation was investigated for one growing season under greenhouse conditions using bioassays retrieved from a boreal mixedwood site. Nutrient-loaded seedlings were similar in height and biomass to conventionally fertilized seedlings at planting, but contained 43, 76, and 33% more tissue N, P, and K content due to higher nursery fertilization, which induced luxury consumption. Nutrient-loaded seedlings outperformed conventionally fertilized seedlings in respective height and biomass growth by 35 and 28% in herbicide-treated plots, and by 44 and 37% in untreated plots, resulting in a 27% reduction in neighbouring vegetation biomass by the end of the season. The loading treatments stimulated nutrient uptake after planting, although the depletion of preplant nutrient reserves was greater. A significant negative correlation was observed between tree and weed biomass accumulation. Slope differences indicated that loaded trees were less sensitive to neighbouring vegetation than conventionally fertilized trees. The enhanced competitive ability of loaded seedlings against naturally occurring vegetation was probably due to the translocation of more nutrients to actively growing parts from reserves built up during the nursery preconditioning phase.

Female gametophyte and embryo development of black spruce along a shore-hinterland climatic gradient of a recently created reservoir, northern Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Sirois ◽  
Yves Bégin ◽  
Johanne Parent
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Female Gametophyte ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Seed Maturation ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Sigmoid Function ◽  
Embryo Maturation ◽  
Degree Days

The development of female gametophytes and embryos in relation to cumulative growing degree-days was followed to see if the postulated cooling influence of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir (LG2, northern Quebec) slowed the reproductive process of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). During the 1996 growing season, three to five developing seed cones were harvested 11 times on nine trees distributed along a shore-hinterland gradient of the northern shore of the reservoir. The daily thermal sum (degree-days > 5°C) in the seed cone zone of the same trees was also monitored to describe the female gametophyte and embryo development of this species as a function of heat sum. The 23 developmental stages identified in this study confirm that the female gametophyte and embryo of P. mariana develop according to the same pattern exhibited by other Picea spp. These stages, although unequal in duration, succeeded each other according to a sigmoid function of the temperature sum. Direct temperature measurements taken 0, 25, and 100 m from the shore of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir suggest the interior trees experienced 107 more degree-days > 5°C than the shoreline trees during seed maturation. Although gametophyte development of the shoreline trees was delayed early in the growing season (Kruskall-Wallis, p = 0.05), this delay does not persist afterward. Despite the net cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir, all studied trees achieved embryo maturation in 1996. During this growing season, the warmest since 1977, it took embryos 800-940 degree-days to mature. The shoreline trees reached this temperature threshold later than interior trees. It is suggested that the cooling effect of the Robert-Bourassa reservoir could contribute to the inhibition of embryo maturation in shoreline trees during growing seasons with less than 800 degree-days.Key words: black spruce, climate change, cone development, northern boreal forests, Picea mariana, seed maturation.

OCCURRENCE OF DEATHWATCH CONE BEETLE, ERNOBIUS BICOLOR WHITE (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE), IN CONES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN NOVA SCOTIA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Sweeney ◽  
G. Gesner ◽  
G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Extensive Survey ◽  
Seed Yields

An extensive survey of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., in Newfoundland in 1978 disclosed that up to 50% of the old cones remaining on the trees were damaged by the deathwatch cone beetle, Ernobius bicolor White (Schooley 1983; White 1983). This beetle infests black spruce cones produced in the previous year's growing season and also damages cones in storage. Eggs are deposited between the scales and larvae feed within the cone and pupate in the fall or the following spring; their feeding can reduce extracted seed yields by one-half (Schooley 1983).

Carbon and nitrogen allocation patterns of Douglas-fir seedlings fertilized with nitrogen in autumn. II. Field performance

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Margolis ◽  
R. H. Waring
Keyword(s):  
Free Amino ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates

October-fertilized and unfertilized 2-0 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings were outplanted the following February. Half of each planting block was seeded with grass to induce water stress during the typical summer drought. Sucrose was applied to soil around each seedling to limit availability of nitrogen to tree roots. Fertilized seedlings broke bud 9–10 days earlier, produced more shoot growth, and, as shown in later harvests, had higher relative growth rates than unfertilized seedlings. However, initial differences in growth response were due primarily to the earlier budbreak. Seedlings growing with grass had predawn water potentials of −1.5 MPa by early August; by September 3, unfertilized seedlings growing with grass were significantly more stressed than any others. Although free amino acid and total nitrogen concentrations were higher in fertilized than unfertilized seedlings when planted, they became equal by the end of one growing season. However, fertilized seedlings contained more free amino acids and nitrogen because of their greater size. Grass competition affected both seedling nitrogen and carbohydrate chemistry. After one growing season, fertilized seedlings had greater height increment, shoot growth, leaf area, relative growth rate, and production per unit nitrogen. Although autumn fertilization benefited these Douglas-fir seedlings, negative effects could result from carbohydrate depletion because of increased respiration or from frost damage because of earlier budbreak.

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