Organic matter and mineral distribution in an old-growth Acersaccharum forest near the northern limit of its range

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1332-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Base Soil

Two sites, both supporting old-growth Acersaccharum Marsh, dominated forest on rugged topography in central northern Ontario, were compared in terms of organic matter and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu content in the tree- and field-layer phytomass, the forest floor, and the mineral soil. One site was on a shallow, low-base, Precambrian-derived till, and the other was on a till of somewhat higher base status. Gross and net growth of the overstory tree layer were also determined. Total phytomass values for the two stands at the beginning of the study period were 245 000 and 210 000 kg•ha−1, respectively. Gross growth was largely offset by mortality in both stands, producing a rough equilibrium with regard to net increment. Growth before mortality was on the order of 2.4–2.5 m3•ha−1•year−1 in terms of gross total wood volume or 3700–3900 kg•ha−1•year−1 in terms of phytomass, and it was slightly greater in percent terms on the higher base site. In addition to that in the phytomass, organic matter in the forest floor and mineral soil to a depth of 1 m also contributed to the total organic matter content of 638 000–642 000 kg•ha−1 (equivalent to 34 8000–353 000 kg•ha−1 of C) on both sites and was distributed as follows: 29–34% in phytomass, 5% in the forest floor, and 61–66% in mineral soil. The order of abundance of elements in the phytomass was similar on both sites: Ca > N > K > Mg > S > Mn > P > Fe > Zn > Cu, with accumulation in the phytomass in rough proportion to occurrence in the soil. A more base-rich parent material would appear to be the origin of 1452 kg•ha−1 of Ca estimated to be in the phytomass and forest floor on the higher base soil, compared with 1250 kg•ha−1 in the phytomass and forest floor on the lower base soil.

Soil–air partitioning of volatile organic compounds into soils with high water content

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 545
Author(s):  
Jeonghyeon Ahn ◽  
Guiying Rao ◽  
Mustafa Mamun ◽  
Eric P. Vejerano
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Case Scenario ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Water Saturated ◽  
Water Contents

Environmental contextAssessing environmental and human health impacts of chemical spills relies on information about how chemicals move across multiple environments. We measured volatile contaminants in the air above soil saturated with water to provide estimates of air concentrations of selected chemicals released to soil from an oil refinery in Texas during Hurricane Harvey. Estimated concentrations were below recommended exposure limits, even in a worst-case scenario. AbstractThe emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil into air is affected by soil moisture dynamics, soil temperature, solar irradiance and carbon availability. The high amount of water in soil can modify its properties, which changes how VOCs interact. We conducted a comprehensive measurement of the soil–air partition coefficient (KSA) of VOCs into water-saturated soil with both low and high water contents for polar, weakly polar and nonpolar VOCs into a mineral soil (S-clay) and soil containing a high amount of organic matter (S-om) under a water-saturated condition. Partitioning of non-polar substituted aromatics (1,2-dichlorobenzene and toluene) was sensitive to the organic matter content in water-saturated soil. 1,2-Dichlorobenzene and toluene had higher affinities to S-om than to S-clay at all investigated water contents because of their strong interaction with the organic matter in soil. KSA decreased with elevated water content only for non-polar substituted aromatic VOCs. Less hydrophobic VOCs (benzene and trichloroethylene) exhibited similar partitioning into both soils by sorbing onto the air-water interface and dissolving in soil water, while the organic matter did not affect partitioning. The weakly polar and polar VOCs (methyl tert-butyl ether and 1-butanol) showed similar partitioning into both soils by dissolving in soil water while sorption to the organic matter was significant only at high soil water contents. KSA of VOCs on soil with high organic matter content correlated strongly with psat and Koa, but not on mineral soil. Estimates of the air concentrations for a subset of VOCs released from one refinery during Hurricane Harvey in 2017 in Harris County, Texas were lower than the recommended exposure limits, even under a worst-case scenario.

THE AVAILABLE BORON CONTENT OF THE GENETIC HORIZONS OF SOME ONTARIO SOILS: I. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER-SOLUBLE BORON AND OTHER SOIL PROPERTIES

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Miljkovic ◽  
B. C. Matthews ◽  
M. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Boron Content ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Relationship

The available boron content of the genetic horizons of eight Ontario soils was determined using a hot-water extraction and a sunflower test. The available boron was highest in the surface horizons and decreased in the zones of eluviation to a level equal to or lower than that in the parent material. The content in the horizons was generally higher than that in the C horizons.The water-soluble boron was closely related to the organic matter content in a quadratic regression (R2 = 0.691). When pH and clay content were included in regressions, a positive organic matter × pH component was the single most important variable, explaining 64.4% of the variability. Additional terms involving clay content and pH did not greatly increase the R2 value.

Addition of organic matter and elements to the forest floor of an old-growth Acersaccharum forest in the annual litter fall

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. K. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Element Transfer

Litter fall and its content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were measured monthly over a 5-year period in an old-growth Acersaccharum Marsh, stand on a till site in central northern Ontario. Determined were the following: the amount, and the temporal and spatial distributions, of organic matter and elements deposited annually in the different litter fractions; the proportion of elements conserved within the tree phytomass through retranslocation versus that shed in the annual litter fall; and the residence time of litter-transported elements in the forest floor. Element transfer through the annual litter fall was also compared with that by other vectors of transport to the forest floor. Over the study period, total litter fall averaged 3730 kg•ha−1•year−1 (dry weight), with 78% consisting of leaves, 8% of flowers and fruits, and the remaining 14% mainly of twigs, branches, and bark slough. Annual element depositions (kg•ha−1) averaged as follows: N, 40.6; P, 1.8; K, 9.1; Ca, 37.6; Mg, 3.9; S, 3.0; Fe, 0.57; Mn, 2.67; Zn, 0.28; and Cu, 0.03. Turnover time of the forest floor was calculated as 7.4 years. Residence times (years) of elements in the forest floor were as follows: N, 18.3; P, 18.3; K, 1.5; Ca, 6.1; Mg, 6.8; S, 5.1; Fe, 257.2; Mn, 4.8; Zn, 18.1; and Cu, 5.8. Although the turnover time of forest-floor organic matter did not differ appreciably from values reported for A. saccharum forests elsewhere, residence times for elements suggested somewhat slower cycling, probably as a result of reduced uptake related to the advanced age of the stand. Potassium, followed by S, P, and N, were all conserved to a high degree by A. saccharum trees through retranslocation to the tree's perennial parts prior to leaf fall; Cu, Mn, and Mg were conserved to a lesser degree; Zn, Ca, and Fe were conserved very little. In comparing the leaching loss of elements from foliage with quantities conserved through retranslocation and quantities shed in the annual litter fall, the relative orders of magnitude do not give cause for concern that A. saccharum trees risk appreciable leaching losses of base cations, including K, from foliage as a result of acidified precipitation, at least at levels experienced in central northern Ontario during the early 1980s.

scholarly journals Effects of permanent grass versus tillage on aggregation and organic matter dynamics in a poorly developed vineyard soil

Soil Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Belmonte ◽  
Luisella Celi ◽  
Silvia Stanchi ◽  
Daniel Said-Pullicino ◽  
Ermanno Zanini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weakly Bound ◽  
Recovery Capacity ◽  
Organic Matter Dynamics ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Organic Matter Fractions

Vineyard soils are typically characterised by poor development, low organic matter content and steep slopes. Consequently, they have a limited capacity for conservation of organic matter that is weakly bound to the mineral soil phase. Under such conditions, establishment of permanent grass may improve soil quality conservation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of permanent grass v. single autumn tillage on soil structure and organic matter dynamics in a hilly vineyard. During the periods 1994–1996 and 2010–2012, soil samples were collected three times per year, in different seasons. Aggregate stability analyses and organic matter fractionation were performed. The effects of grass cover on soil recovery capacity after tillage disturbance were slow to become apparent. Slight increases in aggregate resistance and organic matter contents were visible after 3 years, and the two plots (permanent grass/previously tilled) showed a large decrease of aggregate losses and increase of organic matter only after long-lasting permanent grass. However, even a single tillage produced an immediate decrease in aggregate resistance, while the organic matter content remained unaffected. Organic matter, however, showed marked seasonal dynamics, which involved not only recently added organic matter fractions but also the mineral-associated pool. Tillage altered organic matter dynamics by preventing the addition of new material into the mineral-associated organic fractions and limiting the stabilisation of aggregates.

PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY LIME AND OTHER TREATMENTS

1964 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Halstead
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Phosphatase Activity ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Appreciable Effect ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Mineral Soils

In laboratory incubation experiments liming with Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, or MgCO3 inhibited the phosphatase enzyme activity as measured by determination of phenol or phosphorus released from disodium phenyl phosphate. Chloride and sulphate salts of calcium and magnesium had no appreciable effect on the measured activity. Incubation for 9 months reduced the activity in a group of acid soils but not in a group of nearly neutral soils. Addition of phosphate prior to incubation had no effect on activity in either group.In buffer systems with the pH controlled over the range pH 2.0 to 11.0, activity in samples of an acid mineral soil increased gradually from pH 2.0 to a maximum at about pH 7.0, and then declined rapidly. The occurrence of peaks of optimum activity at pH 5.0 and 9.5 indicated the presence of both acid and alkaline phosphatases in an organic soil.Although there was no significant relationship between phosphatase activity and pH, clay content, nitrogen, and total carbon content of 10 mineral soils, there was a higher activity associated with higher organic matter content in three groups of soils with 3.2, 24.8, and 80.2% organic matter. Initial phosphatase activity of a group of mineral soils was not related to the degree of mineralization of organic soil phosphorus found to occur during an incubation period.

scholarly journals Yeşilırmak Nehir Teraslarında Toprakların Oluşumu ve Sınıflandırılması

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Durak ◽  
Mehmet Erdem Aydın
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Carbonate Content ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Material Particle ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Research Profile

In this study, the soils of which parent material is alluvial and formed Yeşilırmak river terraces were investigated. For this purposes four different profiles were excavated in the study area. Then twenty-seven soil samples were taken from horizons of four profiles and their physical and chemical analyses were done for soil taxonomy research. Profile of Kumocagi and Cakil were classified in subgroup as Typic Ustipsamments, Havaalanı and Mera profiles were classified Typic Haplustolls and Typic Argiustolls subgroups respectively. The pH values of soils varied between 7.38-8.41. These soils can be classified as low and highly basic. Most of the soil series had an irregular pH distribution in the profile. The range of carbonate content of the soils was 0.8-25.4%. Although carbonate content of soils showed a very wide range, majority of them can be classified as highly calcareous. In most of soils carbonate content was distributed irregulary in the profile. Organic matter content were between 0.14-6.11% in the soils. Although organic matter contents of the soils changed in a wide range most of them had low organic matter content. Organic matter content was over 4% in the surface horizon of only two profiles. Research result showed that, alluvial parent material, particle size, topograpy and time have different effect on investigation soils.

scholarly journals Potential impacts of climate change on soil properties

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gelybó ◽  
E. Tóth ◽  
C. Farkas ◽  
Á. Horel ◽  
I. Kása ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity

Climate change is expected to have a vigorous impact on soils and ecosystems due to elevated temperature and changes in precipitation (amount and frequency), thereby altering biogeochemical and hydrological cycles. Several phenomena associated with climate change and anthropogenic activity affect soils indirectly via ecosystem functioning (such as higher atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition). Continuous interactions between climate and soils determine the transformation and transport processes. Long-term gradual changes in abiotic environmental factors alter naturally occurring soil forming processes by modifying the soil water regime, mineral composition evolution, and the rate of organic matter formation and degradation. The resulting physical and chemical soil properties play a fundamental role in the productivity and environmental quality of cultivated land, so it is crucial to evaluate the potential outcomes of climate change and soil interactions. This paper attempts to review the underlying long-term processes influenced by different aspects of climate change. When considering major soil forming factors (climate, parent material, living organisms, topography), especially climate, we put special attention to soil physical properties (soil structure and texture, and consequential changes in soil hydrothermal regime), soil chemical properties (e.g. cation exchange capacity, soil organic matter content as influenced by changes in environmental conditions) and soil degradation as a result of longterm soil physicochemical transformations. The temperate region, specifically the Carpathian Basin as a heterogeneous territory consisting of different climatic and soil zones from continental to mountainous, is used as an example to present potential changes and to assess the effect of climate change on soils. The altered physicochemical and biological properties of soils require accentuated scientific attention, particularly with respect to significant feedback processes to climate and soil services such as food security.

Influence of organic matter and phosphate content on the point of zero charge of variable charge components in oxidic soils

Soil Research ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 643 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Point Of Zero Charge ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Zero Charge ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus

The point of zero charge of the variable charge components (pH,) of oxidic soils formed on basaltic parent material in humid tropical Queensland has been measured on samples from virgin rainforest and cultivated fertilized fields. The average amount of free iron in these soils is about 10%. Soils with low organic matter content and low extractable phosphorus have high pH, values. Regression analysis showed pH, to be reduced by about one pH unit for each 1% increase in organic carbon or for each 100 �g/g increase in extractable phosphorus. Implications with respect to cation and anion exchange capacities are briefly discussed.

A conceptual model for nutrient availability in the mineral soil-root system

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Gobran ◽  
Stephen Clegg
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Bulk Soil ◽  
Soil Fractions

We propose a conceptual model based on our results from rhizospheric studies of a Norway spruce stand growing on a nutrient poor Podzol in Southwest Sweden. We assume that dynamic linkages exist between three soil fractions: bulk soil, rhizosphere (Rhizo) and soil root interface (SRI). The soil fractions were characterized by organic matter content, electrical conductivity, pH, and soluble and exchangeable cations. Analyses showed great differences among the three soil fractions, especially the properties of the SRI. Cation exchange capacity and base saturation were higher in the rhizosphere and SRI than in the bulk soil. We attribute this to accumulation of organic matter (OM) in the rhizosphere and SRI. Moreover, the rhizosphere and SRI fractions had lower pH and higher titratable acidity than the bulk soil. Any possible negative effects of Al to the roots could be offset by accumulated organic matter and base cations (BC). The calcium-aluminum balance followed a consistent trend: bulk < rhizo < SRI. The results suggest that soil around the roots exhibits a different chemical composition than that of the root-free (bulk) soil, indicating more favorable conditions for roots. We suggest that trees growing on nutrient-poor acid soils invest their energy around roots to create a favorable microenvironment for both roots and microorganisms. Our results suggest that existing models which attempt to connect tree growth to soil acidification need modification. Such modification would include horizontal variation (bulk soil, rhizo and SRI) besides the vertical ones normally emphasized. It is possible that the conceptual model may enable a better understanding and description of naturally existing relationships between soil and plants under normal and stressed conditions. Key words: Conceptual model, organic matter, rhizosphere, soil root interface, acidification and growth models, Norway spruce

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