Height growth rates of young white spruce and lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Thomson ◽  
Robert G. McMinn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Underlying Soil ◽  
Measurement Period ◽  
Pronounced Peak

Growth of different stock types of white spruce and lodgepole pine were compared on untreated sites and sites treated by scalping, where the surface soil and vegetation had been removed by bulldozing; mixing, where the vegetation had been incorporated into the underlying soil; and clipping, where the vegetation was clipped. Height increments varied with measurement period but had a pronounced peak around age 9. The slope of the linear regression of height versus age up to 10 years gave estimates of average annual growth rates which were used to compare stock type and treatment effects. The growth rate of a tree of a particular size at the time of the first measurement after outplanting could not be predicted with confidence. However, the pattern of growth rates in a stock type of a species subjected to a particular site treatment exhibited characteristics that could be used to differentiate species, stock, and site-treatment effects. In white spruce, there was a tendency for growth rate to be related to size at first measurement, though with high variability around the trend. In lodgepole pine, growth rate was independent of tree size at first measurement, and showed less variability.

Effects of stock type and site preparation on growth to crown closure of white spruce and lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Thomson ◽  
Robert G. McMinn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Crown Closure

Growth of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) and lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl.) seedlings was studied on six installations, each containing different stock types and site-preparation treatments. Stock types included styroplugs from different cavity sizes, bare-root stock, and transplant stock; site preparations included no treatment, scalping, inverting, and mixing. Fertilizer was also used in combination with some of these treatments on some installations. Site-preparation treatments that gave some degree of vegetation control generally led to higher growth rates, but there was considerable variability among and within installations. The slope of the linear relationship of height versus age up to 10 years gave an estimate of early growth which was suitable for comparing treatments, whereas average height increment in a later measurement period gave a better estimate of growth for projection purposes. A normal distribution of growth rates around a mean for a particular stock type and site-preparation method was used in conjunction with height–dbh and crown width–dbh relationships to project growth of trees to crown closure, assuming different densities. The age at crown closure depended on both growth rate and density, and average size at crown closure depended primarily on density.

Early growth of planted western hemlock in relation to stock type and controlled-release fertilizer application

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Arnott ◽  
A. N. Burdett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stock Type ◽  
Stock Types

Four types of western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) nursery stock, differing in size, morphology, and root growth capacity were planted on a clear-cut forest site on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. The stock types were: (i) 1-year-old, plug-rooted seedlings raised in 36-cm3 containers; (ii) as (i) but transplanted to a bareroot nursery for 1 year; (iii) 1-year-old, bareroot seedlings raised in 1000-cm3 containers; (iv) as (iii) but raised in containers coated on the inside with copper paint to inhibit lateral root elongation upon contact with the container wall. Survival and growth of seedlings with and without fertilization at planting with 50 g of a slow-release (Nutricote®, 12-month release at 25 °C) N–P–K fertilizer were observed for 3 years. Neither stock type nor fertilizer had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) effect on seedling survival. At planting, plug seedlings were significantly (P < 0.01) shorter and smaller in stem volume than the other stock types. These differences were no longer evident by the end of the third growing season because of more rapid growth by the plug stock. The largest differences between the plugs and the other stock types in height and diameter relative growth rates occurred during the first growing season. Fertilization significantly (P < 0.01) increased height and stem volume relative growth rates of all stock types during the first growing season. During the third growing season fertilization had a significant (P < 0.01) negative effect on height, and diameter and stem volume relative growth rates of all stock types, but not on absolute rates. At the end of three growing seasons, fertilized trees remained significantly (P < 0.01) larger in all stock types than in the controls.

Relationships of circulating cortisol levels with growth rate and meat tenderness of cattle and sheep

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 221 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Purchas ◽  
RA Barton ◽  
AH Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Meat Tenderness ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Ram Lambs ◽  
Cortisol Levels ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Plasma or serum levels of cortisol have been measured in cattle and sheep in four experiments and have been related to growth rates and meat tenderness. Significant treatment effects on cortisol levels included: (i) higher values in samples taken at slaughter from 30-month-old Angus steers (n = 30) than Hereford steers (n = 30) (P < 0.001); (ii) higher values in samples taken at slaughter from Cheviot sheep (n = 51) than Romney sheep (n = 48) (P < 0.02); (iii) higher values in jugular samples taken from a lighter group of lambs (n = 16) than a heavier group (n = 28) (P < 0.005); (iv) higher values following a period of stress induced by restraint for wether lambs (n = 23) than ram lambs (n = 21) (P < 0.02). Plasma cortisol levels in a group of 10 lambs sampled three times a week over a period of 11 weeks remained reasonably consistent for both stressed and unstressed animals. Relationships between cortisol levels and growth rate were significant for the cattle (r = -0.44**, n = 60), but were very low for all the groups of sheep. The relationships with meat tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear) were significant only for cold-shortened samples of beef (r - 0.29*, n = 45).

Variation of Polyporus tomentosus in cultural characteristics and pathogenicity on conifer seedlings

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Whitney ◽  
W. P. Bohaychuk
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Principal Components Analysis ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Principal Components ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Conifer Seedlings ◽  
Components Analysis

Polyporus tomentosus Fr. cultures newly isolated from wood showed faster growth rates, greater chlamydospore numbers at 20 °C, higher average oxidase reactions, and higher disease ratings on seedlings of white spruce and Norway spruce than did cultures maintained on artificial media for 1 year or longer.Data from 30 isolates were analyzed for 63 characters using a principal components analysis as an ordination technique. Variables which had considerable influence on the ordination were pathogenicity on seedlings, isolate growth rate, chlamydospore production, and mat color on artificial media. Pathogenicity was higher among isolates from sporophores with straight setae than among those from sporophores with strongly curved or hooked setae (P. tomentosus var. circinatus F. sensu Haddow).Low pathogenicity on seedlings is an additional character associated with P. tomentosus var. circinatus Fr. which Haddow (Br. Mycol. Soc. Trans. 25: 179–190) separated on the basis of curved setae in the hymenium. Straight setae were always associated with stipitate sporophores and curved setae consistently occurred on sessile sporophores.

Comparison of copper sulphate pentahydrate growth rates determined by different methods

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1691-1707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Karel ◽  
Jiří Hostomský ◽  
Jaroslav Nývlt ◽  
Axel König
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Copper Sulphate ◽  
Crystal Growth Rate ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Data Treatment

Crystal growth rates of copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4.5 H2O) determined by different authors and methods are compared. The methods included in this comparison are: (i) Measurement on a fixed crystal suspended in a streaming solution, (ii) measurement on a rotating disc, (iii) measurement in a fluidized bed, (iv) measurement in an agitated suspension. The comparison involves critical estimation of the supersaturation used in measurements, of shape factors used for data treatment and a correction for the effect of temperature. Conclusions are drawn for the choice of values to be specified when data of crystal growth rate measurements are published.

Measurement of growth rates for single crystals and pressed tablets of CuSO4.5 H2O on a rotating disc

1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 2951-2961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miloslav Karel ◽  
Jaroslav Nývlt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Preferred Orientation ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Dissolution Rates ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Good Agreement

Measured growth and dissolution rates of single crystals and tablets were used to calculate the overall linear rates of growth and dissolution of CuSO4.5 H2O crystals. The growth rate for the tablet is by 20% higher than that calculated for the single crystal. It has been concluded that this difference is due to a preferred orientation of crystal faces on the tablet surface. Calculated diffusion coefficients and thicknesses of the diffusion and hydrodynamic layers in the vicinity of the growing or dissolving crystal are in good agreement with published values.

scholarly journals Accuracy of State-Level Surveillance during Emerging Outbreaks of Respiratory Viruses: A Model-Based Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 0272989X2110222
Author(s):  
Yuwen Gu ◽  
Elise DeDoncker ◽  
Richard VanEnk ◽  
Rajib Paul ◽  
Susan Peters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
State Level ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
State Surveillance ◽  
First Come First Serve

It is long perceived that the more data collection, the more knowledge emerges about the real disease progression. During emergencies like the H1N1 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemics, public health surveillance requested increased testing to address the exacerbated demand. However, it is currently unknown how accurately surveillance portrays disease progression through incidence and confirmed case trends. State surveillance, unlike commercial testing, can process specimens based on the upcoming demand (e.g., with testing restrictions). Hence, proper assessment of accuracy may lead to improvements for a robust infrastructure. Using the H1N1 pandemic experience, we developed a simulation that models the true unobserved influenza incidence trend in the State of Michigan, as well as trends observed at different data collection points of the surveillance system. We calculated the growth rate, or speed at which each trend increases during the pandemic growth phase, and we performed statistical experiments to assess the biases (or differences) between growth rates of unobserved and observed trends. We highlight the following results: 1) emergency-driven high-risk perception increases reporting, which leads to reduction of biases in the growth rates; 2) the best predicted growth rates are those estimated from the trend of specimens submitted to the surveillance point that receives reports from a variety of health care providers; and 3) under several criteria to queue specimens for viral subtyping with limited capacity, the best-performing criterion was to queue first-come, first-serve restricted to specimens with higher hospitalization risk. Under this criterion, the lab released capacity to subtype specimens for each day in the trend, which reduced the growth rate bias the most compared to other queuing criteria. Future research should investigate additional restrictions to the queue.

scholarly journals StalGrowth—A Program to Estimate Speleothem Growth Rates and Seasonal Growth Variations

Geosciences ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Rolf Vieten ◽  
Francisco Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Climate Signal ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Cave Monitoring ◽  
Calcium Ion Concentration

Speleothems are one of the few archives which allow us to reconstruct the terrestrial paleoclimate and help us to understand the important climate dynamics in inhabited regions of our planet. Their time of growth can be precisely dated by radiometric techniques, but unfortunately seasonal radiometric dating resolution is so far not feasible. Numerous cave environmental monitoring studies show evidence for significant seasonal variations in parameters influencing carbonate deposition (calcium-ion concentration, cave air pCO2, drip rate and temperature). Variations in speleothem deposition rates need to be known in order to correctly decipher the climate signal stored in the speleothem archive. StalGrowth is the first software to quantify growth rates based on cave monitoring results, detect growth seasonality and estimate the seasonal growth bias. It quickly plots the predicted speleothem growth rate together with the influencing cave environmental parameters to identify which parameter(s) cause changes in speleothem growth rate, and it can also identify periods of no growth. This new program has been applied to multiannual cave monitoring studies in Austria, Gibraltar, Puerto Rico and Texas, and it has identified two cases of seasonal varying speleothem growth.

scholarly journals Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on Growth Rate and Composition of Chlorella vulgaris

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria N. Metsoviti ◽  
George Papapolymerou ◽  
Ioannis T. Karapanagiotidis ◽  
Nikolaos Katsoulas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
White Led ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Nm Range ◽  
Effect Of Light

In this research, the effect of solar irradiance on Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in open bioreactors under greenhouse conditions was investigated, as well as of ratio of light intensity in the 420–520 nm range to light in the 580–680 nm range (I420–520/I580–680) and of artificial irradiation provided by red and white LED lamps in a closed flat plate laboratory bioreactor on the growth rate and composition. The increase in solar irradiance led to faster growth rates (μexp) of C. vulgaris under both environmental conditions studied in the greenhouse (in June up to 0.33 d−1 and in September up to 0.29 d−1) and higher lipid content in microalgal biomass (in June up to 25.6% and in September up to 24.7%). In the experiments conducted in the closed bioreactor, as the ratio I420–520/I580–680 increased, the specific growth rate and the biomass, protein and lipid productivities increased as well. Additionally, the increase in light intensity with red and white LED lamps resulted in faster growth rates (the μexp increased up to 0.36 d−1) and higher lipid content (up to 22.2%), while the protein, fiber, ash and moisture content remained relatively constant. Overall, the trend in biomass, lipid, and protein productivities as a function of light intensity was similar in the two systems (greenhouse and bioreactor).

A population birth-and-mutation process, I: explicit distributions for the number of mutants in an old culture of bacteria

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benoit Mandelbrot
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Mutation Process ◽  
Limit Condition ◽  
Rate Of Growth ◽  
Mathematical Techniques ◽  
First Time

Luria and Delbrück (1943) have observed that, in old cultures of bacteria that have mutated at random, the distribution of the number of mutants is extremely long-tailed. In this note, this distribution will be derived (for the first time) exactly and explicitly. The rates of mutation will be allowed to be either positive or infinitesimal, and the rate of growth for mutants will be allowed to be either equal, greater or smaller than for non-mutants. Under the realistic limit condition of a very low mutation rate, the number of mutants is shown to be a stable-Lévy (sometimes called “Pareto Lévy”) random variable, of maximum skewness ß, whose exponent α is essentially the ratio of the growth rates of non-mutants and of mutants. Thus, the probability of the number of mutants exceeding the very large value m is proportional to m –α–1 (a behavior sometimes referred to as “asymptotically Paretian” or “hyperbolic”). The unequal growth rate cases α ≠ 1 are solved for the first time. In the α = 1 case, a result of Lea and Coulson is rederived, interpreted, and generalized. Various paradoxes involving divergent moments that were encountered in earlier approaches are either absent or fully explainable. The mathematical techniques used being standard, they will not be described in detail, so this note will be primarily a collection of results. However, the justification for deriving them lies in their use in biology, and the mathematically unexperienced biologists may be unfamiliar with the tools used. They may wish for more details of calculations, more explanations and Figures. To satisfy their needs, a report available from the author upon request has been prepared. It will be referred to as Part II.

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