Seed Storage and Germination Under Northern Hardwood Forests

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Marquis
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Organic Layers ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
And Storage

The species, quantities, and germination of tree seed stored in the forest floor beneath five northern hardwood stands in Pennsylvania were determined by counting seed found in blocks of forest floor material and running germination tests on them, by burying seed in soil organic layers and observing germination and storage, and by sowing seed on natural seedbeds and observing germination over several years. Quantities of seed in excess of 1 million per acre (2.5 million per hectare) were found to be common, the number of seed of a particular species depending on the number of seed-bearing trees of that species in the overstory and on the length of time seed of that species will remain viable in the forest floor. Sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and American beech normally germinate the year after seed dispersal and do not remain viable in the forest floor. Black cherry, white ash, yellow poplar, red maple, and birch normally germinate over a period of several years after dispersal; and storage in the forest floor for 2 to 5 years is common. Pin cherry seed remain viable in the forest floor for long periods, and large quantities of seed may still be present 30 years or more after pin cherry trees have died out of the overstory.

22-Year Growth of Four Planted Hardwoods

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Laurane Stout
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Black Cherry ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Forest Landowners ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Initial Spacing ◽  
Preferred Species

Abstract Planting of northern hardwood species interests forest landowners and managers who wish to continue growing pure or nearly pure stands of high-value species, enhance old-field conversion to preferred species, or reforest areas where natural regeneration has failed. Little data on planted hardwoods can be found, however. This paper reports on 22 years of growth of a northern hardwood plantation established in 1961 containing red maple, black cherry, sugar maple, and white ash. The data show that plantings of these species can succeed on good sites with weed control over the first few years, protection from animal predators, and close initial spacing. North. J. Appl. For. 3:69-72, June 1986.

scholarly journals Height-Diameter Equations for Select New Hampshire Tree Species

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Fast ◽  
Mark J. Ducey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Eastern Hemlock ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forest ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Paper Birch ◽  
Bartlett Experimental Forest

Abstract Height-diameter equations are important in modeling forest structure and yield. Twenty-seven height-diameter equations were evaluated for eight tree species occurring in the northern hardwood forest of New Hampshire using permanent plot data from the Bartlett Experimental Forest. Selected models with associated coefficients are presented for American beech, eastern hemlock, paper birch, red maple, red spruce, sugar maple, white ash, yellow birch, and all 16 species combined.

scholarly journals Verticillium Wilt of Ailanthus altissima: Susceptibility of Associated Tree Species

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (11) ◽  
pp. 1158-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Schall ◽  
Donald D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
White Ash ◽  
South Central ◽  
Invasive Tree

Verticillium albo-atrum causes unprecedented wilt and mortality of the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) within forests of south-central Pennsylvania. Stem inoculation of potted Ailanthus seedlings in the greenhouse and canopy Ailanthus trees in the field with V. albo-atrum resulted in 100% mortality. Stem inoculation of understory striped maple saplings in the field also resulted in 100% mortality. However, the high susceptibility of striped maple was not observed in naturally infected stands, where only 1% of striped maple saplings exhibited Verticillium wilt. Inoculation of chestnut oak, northern red oak, red maple, sugar maple, white ash, and yellow-poplar seedlings or canopy trees with V. albo-atrum did not induce wilt symptoms. Non-Ailanthus tree species growing adjacent to dead and dying Ailanthus trees in the field were asymptomatic. Pending further studies, V. albo-atrum should be considered as a potential biocontrol agent for invasive Ailanthus.

scholarly journals Radial growth of hardwoods following the 1998 ice storm in New Hampshire and Maine

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin T Smith ◽  
Walter C Shortle
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Class A ◽  
Mean Annual Increment

Ice storms and resulting injury to tree crowns occur frequently in North America. Reaction of land managers to injury caused by the regional ice storm of January 1998 had the potential to accelerate the harvesting of northern hardwoods due to concern about the future loss of wood production by injured trees. To assess the effect of this storm on radial stem growth, increment cores were collected from northern hardwood trees categorized by crown injury classes. For a total of 347 surviving canopy dominant and subdominant trees, a radial growth index was calculated (mean annual increment for 1998–2000 divided by the mean annual increment for 1995–1997). Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) categorized in injury class A (crown loss of less than one-half) had mean growth index values of approximately 1.0, indicating no loss of mean radial growth after 3 years. For injury class B (crown loss of one-half to three-quarters) and class C (crown loss greater than three-quarters), growth index values significantly decreased for sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple. For white ash, growth index values of classes B and C were not significantly different from those of class A trees. Growth index values of A. saccharum and A. rubrum in injury class C were the lowest of those measured. These results indicated that the severity of growth loss due to crown injury depends on tree species and crown replacement as well as the extent of crown loss.

Identifying roots of northern hardwood species: patterns with diameter and depth

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 2862-2869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth D. Yanai ◽  
Melany C. Fisk ◽  
Timothy J. Fahey ◽  
Natalie L. Cleavitt ◽  
Byung B. Park
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Rooting Depth ◽  
Betula Alleghaniensis ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
Significant Difference

Forest canopies are often stratified by species; little is known about the depth distribution of tree roots in mixed stands because they are not readily identified by species. We used diagnostic characteristics of wood anatomy and gross morphology to distinguish roots by species and applied these methods to test for differences in the rooting depth of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), American beech ( Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), and yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) in two northern hardwood forests. We also distinguished hobblebush ( Viburnum lantanoides Michx.) and white ash ( Fraxinus americana L.) roots. Analysis of plastid DNA fragment lengths confirmed that 90% of the roots were correctly identified. The vertical distribution of fine roots of these species differed by 2–4 cm in the median root depth (P = 0.03). There was a significant difference in the distribution of roots by size class, with fine roots (0–2 mm) being more concentrated near the soil surface than coarser roots (2–5 mm; P = 0.004). The two sites differed by <2 cm in median rooting depths (P = 0.02). The visual identification of roots for the main tree species in the northern hardwood forest allows species-specific questions to be posed for belowground processes.

scholarly journals Improving the Composition of Beech-Dominated Northern Hardwood Understories in Northern Maine

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 186-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Nelson ◽  
Robert G. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Understory Composition ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Selection Harvesting

Abstract The natural regeneration that develops following the shelterwood and selection harvesting of northern hardwood stands across the Northeast is often plagued by an overabundance of American beech infected with beech bark disease. This regenerating beech typically dominates and interferes with the regeneration of more desired hardwood species (sugar maple, yellow birch, and red maple), lowering the productivity and value of future stands. We tested factorial combinations of glyphosate herbicide (Accord Concentrate) rate and surfactant (Entrée 5735) concentration to identify an optimal treatment that would maximize beech control while minimizing sugar maple injury. Third-year posttreatment results revealed that glyphosate rate was a more important factor than surfactant concentration in reducing beech abundance and preserving sugar maple. The optimal treatment (0.56‐1.12 kg/ha of glyphosate plus 0.25‐0.5% surfactant) selectively removed 60‐80% of beech stems, whereas sugar maple control was less than 20%. The five dominant hardwood species differed substantially in their susceptibility to the treatments in the following decreasing order: beech > striped maple > yellow birch > red maple > sugar maple. Similar results produced using a backpack mistblower suggested transferability of treatment effects to operational applications using a tractor-mounted mistblower. Our findings indicate that this relatively low-cost and effective treatment can substantially improve the understory composition of northern hardwood stands.

scholarly journals Influence of Species on Site Selection and Timber Removal: A Case Study for West Virginia

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Luppold ◽  
Delton Alderman
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Canopy Removal ◽  
Specific Species

Abstract Over the last 40 years the composition of West Virginia forests has been changing as selective cutting practices have removed larger-diameter timber of specific species and partial canopy removal has fostered the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as red maple. However, since the mid-1990s there has been considerable change in the number of markets accepting lower-quality and smaller-diameter roundwood, especially yellow-poplar. These changes have increased the number of roundwood markets and thus have increased the potential for harvesting based on silvicultural objectives or clearcuts. An examination of harvesting and merchandising practices for 28 harvest sites in West Virginia found an average of four merchandising separations or markets per site. Although the presence of new markets may have increased the section of sites containing yellow-poplar and the removal of this species from these sites, the continuation of diameter-limit cutting seems to have the greatest effect on which trees are removed. This pattern of partial harvests continues to favor the regeneration of shade-tolerant species such as red and sugar maple.

Relations entre la microtopographie, les caractéristiques de la couverture morte et la répartition des essences dans une érablière à Bouleau jaune

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1196-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Ruel ◽  
Denis Loustau ◽  
Marius Pineau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
Litter Accumulation ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Organic Matter Dynamics

Some effects of microtopography on forest floor, organic matter dynamics, and tree species distribution were studied in a northern hardwood stand near Québec. Forest floor thickness was 12.4 cm in pits while it was only 7.6 cm on mounds. These variations in thickness were attributed to a smaller litter accumulation (186 vs. 318 g m−2 year−1 in pits) and a more rapid decomposition on mounds (weight losses of wooden probes, 17.3 vs. 13.7% in pits). Over 43% of yellow birch stems (Betulaalleghaniensis Britton) were found on mounds in comparison with 20% for beech (Fagusgrandifolia Ehrh.). Sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) distribution was intermediate between those species. Thus, mounds seem more suitable for yellow birch installation, either because of their characteristics after their formation or because of the thinner forest floor formed on these microsites.

A Volume Estimation System for Four Northern Hardwood Species

1986 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Carolyn H. Richards ◽  
David D. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Volume Estimation ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Estimation System ◽  
Volume Equation ◽  
Total Tree

Abstract A volume estimation system based on Schumacher's total volume equation is developed for four commercially important northern hardwood species in Upper Michigan: sugar maple, red maple, yellow birch, and aspen. Given diameter at breast height and a measure of height, then total tree volume, volume to any height or upper stem diameter limit, and upper stem diameter at any height (for determining product class) can be estimated. Coefficients are given for estimating diameter or volumes either inside or outside bark as are examples illustrating the techniques and potential uses of the volume estimation system. North. J. Appl. For. 3:25-28, Mar. 1986.

scholarly journals Decaying Logs as Germination Sites in Northern Hardwood Forests

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory G. McGee ◽  
John P. Birmingham
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Tree Regeneration ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Yellow Birch ◽  
Northern Hardwood Forests ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Soil Scarification

Abstract While several authors have noted tree regeneration on decaying logs, the role that "nurse logs" play in maintaining tree diversity in eastern North American forests has remained unquantified. We sampled small seedling (≤ 5 cm high) densities of seven tree species on and directly adjacent to logs in two northern hardwood stands in the Adirondack mountains of New York. Polar ordination of 42 microsite plots revealed distinctly different small seedling communities on logs vs. forest floor. Yellow birch and red spruce densities were 24 times and 5 times greater on logs than forest floor, while those of sugar maple and striped maple were 8 times and 4 times greater on the forest floor. Maintaining a natural level (~5% ground cover) of well distributed logs can supplement site preparation techniques such as soil scarification to provide regeneration sites for yellow birch and red spruce, particularly in heavily stocked northern hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 14(4):178-182.

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