Rate of increase of black-stain root disease in Douglas-fir plantations in Oregon and Washington

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 942-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
Everett M. Hansen ◽  
Donald J. Goheen
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Established Infection

Spread of black-stain root disease, caused by Verticicladiellawageneri Kendrick, was monitored for 10 years in 27 infection centers in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations in western Oregon and Washington. The number of trees killed by black stain increased 4.4 times over the 10-year interval. Mortality increased 3.1 times in the first 5-year interval but only 1.4 times in the second 5 years. Infection centers expanded at an average radial rate of 0.9 m/year in the first 5 years and 0.4 m/year in the second, but only 31% of crop trees were killed within infection centers. The rate of disease increase within established infection centers decreased with stand age.

Detection of root disease in coastal Douglas-fir stands using large scale 70-mm aerial photography

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Wallis ◽  
Y. J. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Aerial Photography ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Adequate Information ◽  
Disease Occurrence ◽  
Mature Stands

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands 15, 40, and 100 years of age containing root disease openings of various sizes were photographed using 70-mm Aerochrome color and color-infrared film at scales of 1:1 500 to 1:15 000. Success in detecting disease centers varied with scale relative to stand age and disease symptomatology. Scales of 1:6 000 provided adequate information for young stands 15–20 years of age whereas scales of up to 1:15 000 proved satisfactory for locating most centers in 100-year-old stands. The large variation in symptomatology among stands in the midage class made accurate assessment of disease occurrence difficult at all scales used. Measurement of area within most disease centers in a stand using aerial photographs is probably feasible only in mature stands. Color photographs were superior to color-infrared for detecting early foliage discoloration; the reverse was true when characterization of ground features and downed trees was desired.

Phenology and fungus-nematode relations of corky root disease of Douglas-fir

1971 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. BLOOMBERG ◽  
JACK R. SUTHERLAND
Keyword(s):  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Corky Root

TRAPPING EVALUATION OF BEETLE VECTORS OF BLACK STAIN ROOT DISEASE IN DOUGLAS FIR

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Bedard ◽  
George T. Ferrell ◽  
Mark C. Whitmore ◽  
Allen S. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Pitfall Trap ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Trap Catch ◽  
Pitfall Trapping ◽  
Emergence Traps ◽  
Population Indices ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractThe performance of unbaited emergence traps and attractant-baited pitfall and flight traps was compared on the basis of suitability to produce population indices for two beetles, Steremnius carinatus (Boheman) and Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim), colonizing roots of Douglas fir in northern California. These beetles transmit Ceratocystis wageneri Goheen and Cobb, the fungus causing black stain root disease in Douglas fir. Trap sites were near stumps along transect lines through recently logged areas. Pitfall traps were judged the most promising for both species based on their relatively high catches and low expense. Although catch by emergence traps was low for both species, they appeared to catch the majority of S. carinatus. For both species, pitfall trap catches varied with date, study area, trapping line within study area, and stump within line. A number of variables, such as diameter of stump or type of ground cover, were significantly correlated with trap catch, and made significant contributions to linear models with catch as the dependent variable. Differences between study areas in the effect of variables on catch, and the possibility that pitfall trapping is subject to artifacts, suggested that the results of pitfall trapping need to be carefully scrutinized if they are to be used as a population index.

Corky root disease of Douglas-fir seedlings: pathogenicity of the nematode Xiphinemabakeri alone and in combination with the fungus Cylindrocarpondestructans

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack R. Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Corky Root ◽  
Growth Room

Growth-room studies were made to determine both, alone and combined, the pathogenicity of the nematode Xiphinemabakeri Williams and the fungus Cylindrocarpondestructans (Zinnsm.) Scholten to Douglas-fir [Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings. Inoculations with 20, 40, and 60 X. bakeri nematodes per seedling resulted in nematode population increases and development of typical corky root disease symptoms. Cylindrocarpondestructans was not pathogenic to seedlings; no consistent synergistic effects were detected when inoculations were made with the nematode and fungus together. It was concluded that X. bakeri is the 'primary' pathogen in corky root etiology.

Sapwood moisture in Douglas-fir boles and seasonal changes in soil water

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1263-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Beedlow ◽  
David T. Tingey ◽  
E. Henry Lee ◽  
Donald L. Phillips ◽  
Christian P. Andersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Water Capacity ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Relative Water

Large conifers, such as Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii), purportedly draw on water stored in their boles during periods of summer drought. The relation of seasonal changes in soil moisture to sapwood water content was evaluated in four forest stands dominated by mature Douglas-fir along a transect from the Pacific Coast to 1200 m in the western Cascade Mountains of Oregon, USA. The sites varied in stand age, elevation, topography, and soil characteristics, including available soil water capacity. At two sites, gravimetric measures of sapwood relative water content (SRWC) were taken approximately every 4 weeks from May 2002 through July 2004; two additional sites were similarly measured from February 2003 through July 2004. Automated meteorological stations located on the sites and in adjacent open areas continuously monitored weather and soil moisture. Plant-available soil water (ASW) in the upper 0.6 m of soil reached minimum values during the summer drought and rewetted during fall and winter. Large seasonal changes in ASW did not result in corresponding changes in SRWC. Minimum SRWC was lower at sites with higher ASW. At all sites, Douglas-fir trees apparently regulate water loss to maintain consistent (±10%) bole water content throughout the year despite large changes in soil moisture.

Diversity of ectomycorrhizae on experimentally planted Douglas-fir seedlings in variable retention forestry sites on southern Vancouver Island

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1671-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Outerbridge ◽  
J A Trofymow
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Retention Forestry

Studies were done on Vancouver Island of ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities at four distances (5–45 m) from isolated forest patches in three second-growth (SG) and three old-growth (OG) Douglas-fir sites subject to variable retention harvesting. We tested the hypothesis that retention of mature trees enhances colonization and diversity of EM fungi on seedlings planted in adjacent areas. In total 41 EM morphotypes were described, with mean diversity of 3.47 morphotypes and root colonization of 62% per seedling. Overall, root colonization declined with distance (72% at 5 m vs. 52% at 45 m), as did EM diversity (4.7 at 5 m vs. 2.9 at 45 m). For individual sites, the distance effect was significant for root colonization at four sites and for EM diversity at three to four sites. This suggests that variable retention is important for the recovery of ectomycorrhizal biota in harvested sites. Seedling root colonization was significantly lower in SG sites than in OG sites. Though EM diversity did not differ with stand age, OG sites had potentially more total (34) and unique (14) EM morphotypes than did SG sites (total 27, unique 7). Differences with stand age might be related to the relative abilities of EM fungi to disperse to regenerating second-growth forests.Key words: variable retention silviculture, ectomycorrhizae ecology, Douglas-fir seedlings, old growth, second-growth forests.

scholarly journals Incidence of Heterobasidion annosum in Mixed-Conifer Natural Regeneration Surrounding Large True Fir Stumps 20–25 Years after Harvesting in Northeastern Oregon

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-184
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Craig L. Schmitt ◽  
Kristen L. Chadwick
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Federal Lands ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
History Of ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Abstract High-elevation true fir stands on federal lands have a long history of selective harvesting. In 1989 a high frequency (89%) of Heterobasidion annosum, the cause of annosus root disease, was found in residual true fir stumps (mean, 20-in. diameter) cut 5–9 years earlier in northeast Oregon. In 2004, H. annosum was found at the stump surface of 29% of the natural conifer regeneration (mean, 18 years) within 20 ft of infected residual stumps. A total of 16 of 122 (13%) live saplings had H. annosum–caused stain or decay. Only 3% of 126 sample trees, however, were dead and infected by H. annosum. Infection was confirmed in 62% of decayed trees, 33% of stained trees, and 22% of trees with no visible stain or decay at the stump surface. Only 3 of 122 living saplings showed typical root disease crown symptoms (chlorosis), but only one of these had H. annosum. Only 1 of 16 live saplings with H. annosum–caused stain or decay was chlorotic. Incidence of infection was 44% in Engelmann spruce (7 of 16 trees), 31% in Douglas-fir (5 of 16 trees), 31% in subalpine fir (4 of 13 trees), and 27% in grand fir (21 of 77 trees). The S-type of H. annosum was confirmed in a sampled grand fir. There were no significant differences between H. annosum–infected and apparently healthy trees regarding live crown ratio and distance from infected residual stumps. Infected trees, however, were significantly (P = 0.025) larger in diameter than apparently healthy trees. The dynamics of H. annosum infection in spruce and Douglas-fir in northeast Oregon are discussed as well as treating true fir stumps with boron-containing products to prevent stump infection by H. annosum. West. J. Appl. For. 21(4):178–184.

scholarly journals Mortality of Mixed-Conifer Regeneration Surrounding Stumps Infected by Heterobasidion annosum 15–19 Years after Harvesting in Northeastern Oregon

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Craig L. Schmitt ◽  
Catherine G. Parks
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Tolerant Species

Abstract In 1989, a high frequency (89%) of Heterobasidion annosum, cause of annosus root disease, was found in true fir stumps cut 5 to 9 yr earlier in northeastern Oregon. Despite high stump infection levels, mortality of surrounding regeneration was very low (1.4%) in 1989 and even lower (0.7%) in 1999. High-elevation mixed-conifer stands in northeastern Oregon are often overstocked with regeneration. This regen-eration often includes H. annosum-susceptible species such as grand fir and subalpine fir and H. annosum-tolerant species such as Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce, and western larch. The recommendation to treat true fir stumps with boron-containing products to prevent infection by H. annosum is discussed. West. J. Appl. For. 15(4):189–194.

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