Diversity of ectomycorrhizae on experimentally planted Douglas-fir seedlings in variable retention forestry sites on southern Vancouver Island

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1671-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Outerbridge ◽  
J A Trofymow
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Variable Retention ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Retention Forestry

Studies were done on Vancouver Island of ectomycorrhizal (EM) communities at four distances (5–45 m) from isolated forest patches in three second-growth (SG) and three old-growth (OG) Douglas-fir sites subject to variable retention harvesting. We tested the hypothesis that retention of mature trees enhances colonization and diversity of EM fungi on seedlings planted in adjacent areas. In total 41 EM morphotypes were described, with mean diversity of 3.47 morphotypes and root colonization of 62% per seedling. Overall, root colonization declined with distance (72% at 5 m vs. 52% at 45 m), as did EM diversity (4.7 at 5 m vs. 2.9 at 45 m). For individual sites, the distance effect was significant for root colonization at four sites and for EM diversity at three to four sites. This suggests that variable retention is important for the recovery of ectomycorrhizal biota in harvested sites. Seedling root colonization was significantly lower in SG sites than in OG sites. Though EM diversity did not differ with stand age, OG sites had potentially more total (34) and unique (14) EM morphotypes than did SG sites (total 27, unique 7). Differences with stand age might be related to the relative abilities of EM fungi to disperse to regenerating second-growth forests.Key words: variable retention silviculture, ectomycorrhizae ecology, Douglas-fir seedlings, old growth, second-growth forests.

Macrofungi from six habitats over five years in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (10) ◽  
pp. 1518-1538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Roberts ◽  
Oluna Ceska ◽  
Paul Kroeger ◽  
Bryce Kendrick
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Clayoquot Sound

Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine habitats had only 9%–17% in common with each other and the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the two forest types shared 21%–31% of their species. Old-growth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 1.5 times as many as the other three habitats.Key words: Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, macrofungi, habitats, biodiversity.

Characteristics of northern flying squirrel populations in young second- and old-growth forests in western Oregon

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Rosenberg ◽  
Robert G. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Characteristics ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Glaucomys Sabrinus ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Flying Squirrel ◽  
Flying Squirrels ◽  
Northern Flying Squirrel ◽  
Second Growth

We compared density, sex ratio, body mass, and annual recapture rate of northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) populations in second-growth and old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) stands in the Oregon Cascade Range. Densities averaged 2.0 and 2.3 squirrels/ha in second- and old-growth stands, respectively. Although densities varied between years within stands, average densities were similar between years. Body mass and annual recapture rate were similar between stand–age classes, although a higher proportion of females was recaptured in subsequent years in second-growth than in old-growth stands. Similarly, there was a higher proportion of females than males in second-growth but not in old-growth stands. Squirrel densities were not correlated with habitat characteristics; we concluded that flying squirrels may be habitat generalists, and not a species associated with old-growth stands, as was previously hypothesized. We suggest that studies be carried out with radiotelemetry to more accurately assess the habitat associations of this species.

Long-term recovery of vegetation communities after harvesting in the coastal temperate rainforests of northern British Columbia

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 3098-3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Banner ◽  
Philip LePage
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
Young Forests ◽  
Logging Disturbance

We sampled second-growth forests ranging in age from 28 to 98 years and compared them with old-growth forests to quantify rates of terrestrial vegetation recovery following harvesting on the northcentral coast of British Columbia. Species richness approximately doubles, while Simpson’s index of diversity increases from 0.81 to 0.91 from young to old forests. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordinations showed differentiation, with some overlap, of old-growth and second-growth forests and a fairly strong correlation of stand age with plot scores, driven by plant species presence and cover. Vegetation succession following logging disturbance is driven primarily by predisturbance species composition; most species found in the young forests are present in old forests and the higher species richness typical of old growth is largely due to the establishment of additional cryptogam and herb species of low cover and constancy. Significantly higher cover of shrub, herb, and bryophyte species differentiates old forests from second-growth forests. Forests 41–100 years old average 63%–73% similarity (depending on site type) to old-growth forests based on species presence–absence and 53%–58% similarity based on species cover. The scarcity of western redcedar ( Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) in second-growth stands is of particular concern because of the high ecological, cultural, and economic importance of this tree species.

Differences in lichen and bryophyte communities between old-growth and managed second-growth forests in the Swan Valley, Montana

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1745-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Lesica ◽  
Bruce McCune ◽  
Stephen V. Cooper ◽  
Won Shic Hong
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Lobaria Pulmonaria ◽  
Β Diversity ◽  
Rotting Wood ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Northwestern Montana ◽  
Old Growth Forests

Lichen and bryophyte communities differed between managed second-growth and unmanaged old-growth grand fir forests in northwestern Montana in all three strata examined: lower canopy, trunk, and ground. Old-growth forests had larger trees, greater structural diversity, greater volumes of coarse woody debris, fewer species of vascular plants, more species of trunk epiphytes, higher β diversity, and higher γ diversity than second-growth forests. Although pendent fruticose lichens were common in both stand age classes, species of Alectoria were more abundant in old growth, while second growth was dominated by Bryoria spp. Nitrogen-fixing foliose lichens were more common in all strata of old growth, and Lobaria pulmonaria, a common N-fixing species in old growth, was absent in second growth. Cladonia spp. were more numerous in second-growth forests. Nearly all species of leafy liverworts were more common in old growth and typically occurred on rotting wood. Many of these liverworts were absent from second growth. Our results suggest that many species of lichens and bryophytes find optimum habitat in old-growth forests and that these species will become less common as silvicultural practices continue to convert old growth to younger aged forests. Key words: bryophytes, diversity, forests, lichens, Montana, old growth.

Attributes and indicators of old-growth and successional Douglas-fir forests on Vancouver Island

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (S1) ◽  
pp. S187-S204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Trofymow ◽  
J Addison ◽  
B A Blackwell ◽  
F He ◽  
C A Preston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Stand Development ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Forestry Practices ◽  
Old Growth Forest

The Douglas-fir forests of coastal British Columbia are within the most heavily modified forest ecosystem types in coastal BC and local land managers are developing new forestry practices to retain elements of old growth within the managed forest area. To determine how successful these practices are requires the selection and monitoring of appropriate attributes and knowledge on how they change with stand development. In this paper we summarize previously published results from an extensive data set on four Douglas-fir dominated sites located on eastern Vancouver Island. Data were collected as part of the Coastal Forest Chronosequences project which was addressing questions on (1) how does conversion to managed forests impact species and forest structural diversity and (2) how does this diversity recover in older second-growth stands. Each site contained four stands, a postharvest chronosequence: regeneration (R, 5–10 years), immature (I, 25–45 years), and maturing (M, 75–95 years) stands, and an old growth (O, >240 years) control stand. Over 20 attributes are summarized including structural attributes, and at three sites, detailed biodiversity and process attributes. All old-growth plots exceeded the minimum age criteria and some but not all of the minimum structural attribute criteria for old-growth Douglas-fir forests in the US Pacific Northwest, reflecting regional or site type differences. Most structural attributes showed their greatest change within the first 100 years, although older stands (M and O) still differed based on tree and snag sizes and tree mass or basal area. Most species abundance and richness attributes and process attributes clearly differentiated R from the forested stages but were of less value for differentiating among older (M and O) stands. Arboreal lichen abundance and species richness; the abundance of cryptogams, achlorophyllus plants, litter collembola, and specific species of fungi and carabids; litter fall and gap fraction were the exception, these attributes clearly differentiating M from O stands. In postharvest stands, the overall pattern of change with succession for most attributes, as inferred from the chronosequence, was confirmed to be very different from a previously published conceptual model for post-fire succession. Compared to the post-fire model, the greatest changes in the postharvest stands occurred early in stand development, associated with canopy closure. Although stand structural attributes can clearly be used to distinguish old-growth features in managed forest stands, none-the-less it is important to monitor and demonstrate, at least for a selection of nonstructural attributes, that forestry practices are effective in maintaining biodiversity and associated processes of old-growth forests in the managed forest area. Key words: old-growth forest, succession, Douglas-fir forest, criteria and indicators, biodiversity, managed forest.

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