Leaf area - sapwood area relations of lodgepole pine as influenced by stand density and site index

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Forest Ecology ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Stand Conditions

Leaf area to sapwood area ratios for a given species are believed to vary with factors such as site quality, stand density, early stand growth rates, and crown class. Based on data from 55 mature lodgepole pine trees (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl.) from 10 plots in southeastern Wyoming, we conclude that putative density and site effects on leaf area - sapwood area relations are actually a consequence of the increase in the leaf area to sapwood area ratio with increasing sapwood area. When leaf area is estimated with a nonlinear model that includes tree size and distance to the live crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site index disappear. We consider a constant ratio of leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area to be inappropriate for the estimation of leaf area aross the range of stand conditions included in most studies of forest ecology.

Estimating leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa across ranges of stand density and site quality

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 930-932 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Long ◽  
Frederick W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Species Differences ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Unbiased Estimates ◽  
Stand Conditions

For a given species, differences in the relation between leaf area and sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height have been attributed to the effects of varying stand density and site quality. When leaf area of Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. is estimated as a function of sapwood cross-sectional area at breast height and distance from breast height to the midpoint of the crown, the apparent effects of stand density and site quality are eliminated. A comparison of these results with those for Pinuscontorta Dougl. suggests this model form should provide unbiased estimates of leaf area for a variety of species and stand conditions.

The effect of stand structure and stand density on the leaf area–sapwood area relationship of lodgepole pine

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan C. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Habitat Types ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of sapwood area to leaf area in lodgepole pine was examined across a variety of habitat types and stand densities in northwest Montana. No statistical differences were found between plots with regard to either habitat type or stand density. A nonlinear relationship was found between leaf area and sapwood area. Increasing amounts of sapwood were associated with a decrease in the leaf area–sapwood area ratio. A large amount of within-plot variation in the sapwood area–leaf area relationship was explained by differences between dominant trees and trees of other crown classes. Leaf area (LA) was best estimated by the equation LA = 0.12 × S − 0.0003 × S2 + 0.06 × S × D, where LA is leaf area, S is sapwood area, and D is the crown class (dominant). Differences between dominant and subdominant trees appear to be related to ring width and its associated permeability. Differences in sapwood area–leaf area equations among different studies may be due in part to differences in stand structure.

Comparing site quality indices and productivity in ponderosa pine stands of western Montana

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 346-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. McLeod ◽  
Steven W. Running
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Available Water

Four indices of site quality were compared with volume growth of pure, ideal ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) stands in western Montana. Indices based on quantifying the biophysical factors or physiological processes that control productivity (available water index and a relative index of seasonal photosynthesis from computer simulations) worked as well as those based on tree or stand measurements (site index and leaf area index). The following correlations of mean annual stem volume increment were found: with leaf area index, R2 = 0.93; with available water index, R2 = 0.95; with site index, R2 = 0.98; with gross photosynthesis R2 = 0.96. The available water and photosynthesis indices were also highly correlated to site index (R2 > 0.95). However, the tree-dependent site quality indices varied by stand density. Leaf area index and volume growth increased with stand density while site index decreased. Simulations indicated that depletion of soil water effectively halted transpiration and photosynthesis by midsummer and illustrated that even with adequate water, cold spring and fall temperatures ultimately defined the length of the growing season and hence site quality. We conclude that an ecosystem process model can provide an index to site quality independent of tree or stand measurements.

The effect of local stand structure on growth and growth efficiency in heterogeneous stands of ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in central Oregon

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2217-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas B Mainwaring ◽  
Douglas A Maguire
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Projection Area ◽  
Sapwood Area ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Crown Projection Area

Basal area and height growth were analyzed for individual trees in uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex. Loud.) stands in central Oregon. Basal area growth was modeled as a function of other stand and tree variables to address three general objectives: (1) to compare the predictive ability of distance-dependent versus distance-independent stand density variables; (2) to determine the degree to which small trees negatively affect the growth of overstory trees; and (3) to test for differences in growth efficiency between species and between indices of spatial occupancy used to define efficiency (area potentially available, crown projection area, and a surrogate for total tree leaf area). Distance-dependent variables were found to improve growth predictions when added to models with only distance-independent variables, and small trees were found to have a quantifiably negative effect on the growth of larger trees. While volume growth efficiency declined with increasing levels of spatial occupancy for lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine volume growth efficiency was greatest at the highest levels of crown base sapwood area and crown projection area. The behavior in ponderosa pine resulted from the previously recognized correlation between tree height and total leaf area or crown size. The final statistical models distinguished between the positive effect of relative height and the negative effect of increasing tree size.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Modelling Stand-Level Growth of an Even-Aged Forest Using a Volume Productivity Index with Application to New Zealand-Grown Coast Redwood

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark O. Kimberley ◽  
Michael S. Watt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Coast Redwood

Empirical growth models are widely used to predict the growth and yield of plantation tree species, and the precise estimation of site quality is an important component of these models. The most commonly used proxy for site quality in growth models is Site Index (SI), which describes the mean height of dominant trees at a specified base age. Although SI is widely used, considerable research shows significant site-dependent variation in height for a given volume, with this latter variable more closely reflecting actual site productivity. Using a national dataset, this study develops and describes a stand-level growth and yield model for even-aged New Zealand-grown coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens). We used a novel modelling approach that quantifies site quality using SI and a volume-based index termed the 300 Index, defined as the volume mean annual increment at age 30 years for a reference regime of 300 stems ha−1. The growth model includes a number of interrelated components. Mean top height is modelled from age and SI using a polymorphic Korf function. A modified anamorphic Korf function is used to describe tree quadratic mean diameter (Dq) as a function of age, stand density, SI and a diameter site index. As the Dq model includes stand density in its formulation, it can predict tree growth for different stand densities and thinning regimes. The mortality model is based on a simple attritional equation improved through incorporation of the Reineke stand density index to account for competition-induced mortality. Using these components, the model precisely estimates stand-level volume. The developed model will be of considerable value to growers for yield projection and regime evaluation. By more robustly describing the site effect, the growth model provides researchers with an improved framework for quantifying and understanding the causes of spatial and temporal variation in plantation productivity.

WEIGHT AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SLASH OF WHITE SPRUCE AND LODGEPOLE PINE

1965 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-437
Author(s):  
A. D. Kiil
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Graphical Analysis ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
West Central ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Fine Fuels ◽  
Stand Conditions

A simple and practical method is described for predicting slash weight and proportion of fine fuels. Sixty white spruce and 101 lodgepole pine trees in west central Alberta differing in site and stand conditions were felled, measured and the unmerchantable stem and all branchwood weighed. A graphical analysis showed that the slash weight-merchantable cubic foot ratios for both species varied inversely with tree diameter for the range of diameters sampled. White spruce has a higher slash weight-merchantable cubic foot ratio and a higher proportion of fine fuels than lodgepole pine.

Yields of Southwestern Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands

1988 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Smith ◽  
Thomas Schuler
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Pinus Edulis ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Utah Juniper

Abstract Site quality and growth-growing stock relations were developed for southwestern woodlands of pinyon (Pinus edulis) and one-seed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) or Utah juniper (J. osteosperma). Anamorphic height-age site index curves for pinyon were developed from a regional sample of 60 woodlands. Site index was unaffected by variation in stocking and was correlated with woodland yield when used in conjunction with density. Pinyon and juniper PAI, when taken separately, were highly correlated with stand density and pinyon site index. Pinyon was twice as productive as juniper at similar stand densities. Pinyon and juniper yields in woodlands of average density and site index were estimated at 0.29 and 0.15 m3ha-1y-1. At high densities pinyon and juniper yields increased to 0.61 and 0.31 m3ha-1y-1 Pinyon and juniper yields appeared independent of the density of the other species in an individual woodland. Maximum yield of dense mixed species woodlands on average sites was 0.78 m3ha-1y-1, and occurred when pinyon constituted 65% of woodland density. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):70-74, July 1988.

Suitability of two methods of evaluating site quality for sugar maple in central Ontario

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 733-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Buda ◽  
Jian R Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Quality Evaluation ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Dominant Height ◽  
Index Site ◽  
Species Mixture ◽  
Stand Conditions

Stem analyses data collected in central Ontario stands were used to develop site index (height and age) and site form (height and diameter) models and curves for sugar maple. The suitability of both methods for evaluating sugar maple site productivity was examined. Two different equation forms were evaluated for both site index and site form models. A common modification of Richard's (1959) equation was most suitable for predicting dominant height at index age (site index) and reference diameter (site form). Potential effects of species mixture on sugar maple site index were examined. We found no significant effects on sugar maple height growth and site index in mixed stand conditions common in the region when compared to pure stands. The potential of site form as an alternative to site index was investigated through correlation analyses with site index and other site variables known to influence sugar maple height growth. Site form was not related to site index, nor any site variables related to sugar maple height growth. It is therefore inadequate for evaluating sugar maple site quality. We recommend height growth models and site index curves developed in this study be used to replace those from other regions currently used in central Ontario. Key words: site index, site form, sugar maple, site quality evaluation, mixedwood, uneven-aged

Stand growth responses after fertilization for thinned lodgepole pine, Douglas-fir, and spruce in forests of interior British Columbia, Canada

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1471-1482
Author(s):  
Woongsoon Jang ◽  
Bianca N.I. Eskelson ◽  
Louise de Montigny ◽  
Catherine A. Bealle Statland ◽  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Responses

This study was conducted to quantify growth responses of three major commercial conifer species (lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson), interior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco), and spruce (white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) and hybrid spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex. Engelm. × Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière))) to various fertilizer blends in interior British Columbia, Canada. Over 25 years, growth-response data were repeatedly collected across 46 installations. The fertilizer blends were classified into three groups: nitrogen only; nitrogen and sulfur combined; and nitrogen, sulfur, and boron combined. The growth responses for stand volume, basal area, and top height were calculated through absolute and relative growth rate ratios relative to a controlled group. Fertilizer blend, inverse years since fertilization, site index, stand density at fertilization, and their interactions with the fertilizer blend were used as explanatory variables. The magnitude and significance of volume and basal area growth responses to fertilization differed by species, fertilizer-blend groups, and stand-condition variables (i.e., site index and stand density). In contrast, the response in top height growth did not differ among fertilization blends, with the exception of the nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer subgroup for lodgepole pine. The models developed in this study will be incorporated into the current growth and yield fertilization module (i.e., Table Interpolation Program for Stand Yields (TIPSY)), thereby supporting guidance of fertilization applications in interior forests in British Columbia.

Leaf area – sapwood cross-sectional area relationships in repressed stands of lodgepole pine

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Keane ◽  
G. F. Weetman
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Density Profiles ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Individual Trees

To better understand the phenomenon of growth "stagnation" in high-density lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. ex Loud.), leaf area and its relationship with sapwood cross-sectional area were examined on both an individual tree and stand basis. Leaf areas of individual trees in a 22-year-old stand varied from 30.8 m2 (dominants in stands of low stocking) to 0.05 m2 (suppressed trees in stands of high stocking). Leaf area indices ranged from 13.4 to 2.3 m2 m−2 between low and high stocking levels, respectively. Over the same stocking range, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood cross-sectional area was reduced from 0.3 to 0.15 m2 cm−2. Intraring wood density profiles showed that ovendry density increased from 0.52 to 0.7 g cm−3 and the proportion of early wood decreased over a stocking level range of 6500–109 000 trees/ha. A reduction in hydraulic conductivity in the stems of stagnant trees, suggested by the greater proportion of narrow-diameter tracheids present, may lead to a greater resistance to water transport within the boles of trees from stagnant stands, leading to low leaf areas.

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