Influence of soil compaction and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on root growth of yellow poplar and sweet gum seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 970-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Simmons ◽  
P. E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Greenhouse Study

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soil compaction on root growth of yellow poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) and sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings grown in association with the mycorrhizal fungi Glomusmacrocarpum Tul. and Tul. or G. fasciculatum (Thaxt) Gerd. and Trappe. Seedlings were transplanted into pots that contained silt loam compacted to bulk densities of 1.25, 1.40, or 1.55 Mg m−3. Fungal chlamydospores or control filtrates were used to inoculate seedlings. Weight and length of yellow poplar roots were significantly greater at the lower bulk densities than at the highest bulk density, but fibrosity of the root system was unaffected by increasing bulk density. Weight, length, and fibrosity of the sweetgum root system decreased significantly with each increase in bulk density. Inoculated yellow poplar seedlings had greater root weight at each bulk density than noninoculated seedlings, but root length was not influenced by mycorrhizal treatments at higher bulk densities. Fibrosity of yellow poplar roots varied by mycorrhizal treatment at each bulk density. Results indicate that for yellow poplar, compaction effects may outweigh mycorrhizal benefits at higher bulk densities. At each bulk density, sweet gum seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum showed the greatest root growth, suggesting that effects of compaction can be alleviated for sweet gum by inoculation with this mycorrhizal fungus.

Using VA-Mycorrhizae to Enhance Seedling Root Growth in Compacted Soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry L. Simmons ◽  
Phillip E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Mycorrhizal Dependency ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Poplar Seedlings

Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if the root growth of yellow-poplar and sweetgum seedlings grown in compacted soil could be enhanced by inoculating the seedlings with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus macrocarpum or G. fasciculatum. Root growth of both tree species was significantly reduced as bulk density increased. Inoculated yellow-poplar seedlings had greater root weight at each bulk density than noninoculated seedlings. Root length was not significantly influenced by mycorrhizal treatments at higher bulk densities, and fibrosity responses to mycorrhizal treatments varied at each bulk density. Mycorrhizal dependency, the degree to which a plant is dependent on the mycorrhizal association to produce its maximum growth, was the same for yellow-poplar seedlings inoculated with either fungal species. Results indicate that mycorrhizal colonization may not improve root growth of yellow-poplar at higher bulk densities. At each bulk density, sweetgum seedlings inoculated with G fasciculatum had the greatest root weight, length, and fibrosity, and the highest mycorrhizal dependency values, indicating that effects of compaction can be alleviated for sweetgum by inoculation with this mycorrhizal fungus. North. J. Appl. For. 5:65-68, March 1988.

Influence of soil water potential and mycorrhizal colonization on root growth of yellow-poplar and sweet gum seedlings grown in compacted soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1392-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Simmons ◽  
P. E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Soil Water Potential ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Water Potentials

A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the influence of soil water potential and endomycorrhizal fungi on root growth of yellow-poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) and sweet gum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings grown at three soil bulk densities. Silt loam soil was compacted in PVC pots to bulk densities of 1.25 (low), 1.40 (medium), or 1.55 (high) Mg • m−3, and equilibrated at −10 kPa soil water potential. Newly germinated seedlings were transplanted into the pots, inoculated with fungal chlamydospores of Glomusmacrocarpum or Glomusfasciculaturn, or distilled water (control), and grown for 3 months at −10 or −300 kPa soil water potential. Total porosity, air-filled porosity, water content, and mechanical resistance of the soil were determined for samples compacted to the same bulk densities and equilibrated at the same soil water potentials as were used in the greenhouse study. Root growth was reduced by the high mechanical resistance caused by bulk densities of 1.40 and 1.55 Mg • m−3 at −300 kPa water potential. At both water potentials, total length of lateral roots and fibrosity of the root system of both tree species decreased significantly when bulk density increased from 1.40 to 1.55 Mg • m−3. Air-filled porosity less than 0.12 m3 • m−3 limited root growth when water potential was −10 kPa, and mechanical resistance greater than 3438 kPa restricted growth at −300 kPa. At −10 kPa, root length and fibrosity were greatest for inoculated sweet gum seedlings at each bulk density. At −300 kPa, sweet gum seedlings inoculated with G. fasciculatum had the greatest root length and fibrosity at the low and medium bulk densities. Mycorrhizal effects on root length of yellow-poplar were variable, and fibrosity was not significantly affected by mycorrhizal treatment.

scholarly journals Correction of soil compaction using wood ash in safflower crop

2019 ◽  
pp. 1375-1382
Author(s):  
Tulio Martinez Santos ◽  
Edna Maria Bonfim Silva ◽  
Tonny José Araújo da Silva ◽  
Ana Paula Alves Barreto Damasceno
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
System Development ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Root System Development ◽  
Randomized Block Design

Soil compaction is a big limitation to food production in agriculture. Wood ash is an agro-industrial residue generated by the burning of biomass in boilers for energy production. It can be used as a corrective agent and fertilizer of the soil. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the root system of safflower cultivated under bulk density levels and wood ash doses in dystrophic Oxisol. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized block design under a 5x5 factorial scheme composed of 5 wood ash doses (0, 8, 16, 24, 32 g dm-3) and 5 bulk density levels (1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8 Mg m-3) with 4 replicates. The soil was collected from 0-0.20 m depth layer. Later it was incubated with the respective wood ash doses. Each experimental unit consisted of a pot made of three PVC (polyvinyl chloride) rings, in which the layers of 0.1-0.2 m were compacted. At 75 days after emergence, the plants were cut, their roots washed and the volume and dry mass checked. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and subsequent regression test, both at 5% probability. Soil densities negatively influenced the root system development and culture of safflower. Application of wood ash doses of 20 to 24 g dm-3 significantly improved root development of plant.

Phosphorus acquisition from compacted soil by hyphae of a mycorrhizal fungus associated with red clover (Trifolium pratense)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Lin Li ◽  
Jun-Ling Zhang ◽  
Eckhard George ◽  
Horst Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Compacted Soil

The influence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, on the adverse effects of soil compaction on growth and phosphorus (P) uptake of red clover was studied in a model experiment. The pots used in the experiment had three compartments, a central one with a soil bulk density of 1.3 g ∙ cm−3 and two outer compartments with three different levels of soil bulk density (1.3, 1.6, or 1.8 g ∙ cm−3). The soil in the outer compartments was fertilized with P and was either freely accessible to roots and hyphae, or separated by nets and accessible to hyphae only. At a soil bulk density of 1.3 g ∙ cm−3, mycorrhizal plants did not absorb more P than nonmycorrhizal plants except when access of roots to the outer compartments was restricted by nets. At high soil bulk density, root growth was drastically decreased. However, hyphae of G. mosseae absorbed P even from highly compacted soil, and induced a P-depletion zone of about 30 mm from the root surface. In consequence, at higher soil bulk density shoot P concentration and the total amount of P in the shoot were higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal plants. This experiment showed that hyphae of G. mosseae are more efficient in obtaining P from compacted soil than mycorrhizal or nonmycorrhizal roots of red clover. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, phosphorus, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), soil bulk density, soil compaction.

Tripartite associations in snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus): effect of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Rose ◽  
C. T. Youngberg
Keyword(s):  
Host Plant ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizae ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Nodule Formation ◽  
Nitrogen Fixing ◽  
Symbiotic Associations ◽  
Vesicular Arbuscular ◽  
Va Mycorrhizal Fungi

Symbiotic associations were established between nitrogen-fixing nonleguminous (actinorrhizal) snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinus Dougl.) seedlings and two categories of microorganisms: vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi and a filamentous actinomycete capable of inducing nodule formation. The actinomycete is housed in nodules where fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen occurs and is made available to the host plant; the mycorrhizal fungus is both inter- and intra-cellular within the root tissue and may be found within the nodules. The two major nutrients, N and P, are made available and can be supplied to the host plant by these two symbiotic microorganisms. The root system of snowbrush seedlings was dually colonized by VA mycorrhizal fungi and a nitrogen-fixing actinomycete and the possibility of a direct interaction between the endophytes in the symbioses was investigated. Dually infected plants showed increases in total dry weight of shoots and roots, number of nodules, weight of nodular tissue, as well as higher levels of N, Ca2+, and P, and an increase in nitrogenase activity as measured by acetylene reduction.

scholarly journals ROOT GROWTH OF CHINESE JUNIPER DURING THE FIRST THREE YEARS AFTER PLANTING

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1064e-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward F. Gilman ◽  
Michael E. Kane
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Length Density ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Area ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Root Spread

Shoot and root growth were measured on Chinese juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) Var. `Torulosa', `Sylvestris', `Pfitzeriana' and `Hetzii' 1, 2 and 3 years after planting into a simulated landscape from 10-liter black plastic containers. Mean diameter of the root system increased quadratically averaging 1, 2 m/year; whereas, mean branch spread increased at 0, 33 m/year, Three years after planting, root spread was 2, 75 times branch spread and roots covered an area 5.5 times that covered by the branches. Percentage of total root length located within the dripline of the plants remained fairly constant (71-77%) during the first 3 years following planting. Root length density per unit area increased over time but decreased with distance from the trunk. In the first 2 years after planting shoot weight increased faster than root `weight. However, during the third year after planting, the root system increased in mass and size at a faster rate than the shoots. Root length was correlated with root weight within root-diameter classes, Root spread and root area were correlated with trunk area, branch spread and crown area.

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Removal Method Affects Native Establishment

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kathryn Barto ◽  
Don Cipollini
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Alliaria Petiolata ◽  
First Year ◽  
Garlic Mustard ◽  
Entire Plant

AbstractWe used a growth chamber experiment with first-year garlic mustard plants to explore the effects of three garlic mustard removal techniques (treatment with glyphosate, pulling out the entire plant, and clipping the shoot) on growth of the native herb pale jewelweed and its associated mycorrhizal fungi. We also explored the effects of activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula amendments. We monitored plant height, intra- and extraradical mycorrhizal structures, root growth, and the fractal dimension of the root system. Removing as much garlic mustard root tissue as possible by hand pulling plants led to larger jewelweed plants than other removal methods. Activated carbon and mycorrhizal inocula did not improve plant growth.

Impact of Intensive Forest Management Practices on the Bulk Density of Lower Coastal Plain and Piedmont Soils

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Gent ◽  
R. Ballard
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Forest Management ◽  
Lower Coastal Plain

Abstract Trafficking during harvesting significantly increased soil bulk density to depths of 3 to 6 inches in areas outside of primary skid trails and 9 to 12 inches in primary skid trails. On the Coastal Plain site, bedding was effective in offsetting soil compaction in areas outside of primary skid trails, forming a new soil surface, 7 to 8 inches in height, over the surface trafficked during harvest. Bedding may not be so effective in the skid trails, because the original soil surface under the bed was so compacted that root growth may be inhibited. On the Piedmont site, disking was effective in restoring bulk density to preharvest levels in the upper 3 to 5 inches of soil, but soil compaction in the upper 3 to 9 inches of drum-chopped areas may result in reduced root growth, because of mechanical impedance.

Development of a root growth model for yellow-poplar and sweetgum seedlings grown in compacted soil

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 728-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. L. Simmons ◽  
P. E. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth Model ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Yellow Poplar ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Loam Soil

A root growth model was developed to graphically simulate predicted root responses of yellow-poplar and sweetgum seedlings to changes in soil physical properties. Data for the model were collected in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Newly germinated yellow-poplar (Liriodendrontulipifera L.) and sweetgum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) seedlings were transplanted into pots containing silt loam soil compacted to bulk densities of 1.25, 1.40, or 1.55 Mg m−3 and grown under greenhouse conditions for 3 months. Minimum water potentials were maintained at −10 or −300 kPa. At harvest, root systems were excavated, divided into orders of lateral roots, and length, number, and branching frequency of each order were determined. Air-filled porosity and mechanical resistance were determined for soil samples equilibrated at the same bulk densities and water potentials as those used in the greenhouse study. Based on root and soil parameters, the model ROOTSIM graphically depicts the root distribution of each tree species at different levels of bulk density, mechanical resistance, and air-filled porosity. The model accurately predicts lateral root length and distribution for the range of soil properties used in the greenhouse study but has not been validated for these or other soil conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of the soil compaction on the contents of alfalfa root reserve nutrients in relation to the stand density and the amount of root biomass

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hakl ◽  
J. Šantrůček ◽  
D. Kocourková ◽  
P. Fuksa
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Root Reserves ◽  
Weight Effect ◽  
Alfalfa Root

The reserve root nutrients influence the overwintering, regrowth, yield, and persistence of alfalfa plants. The total amount of the root reserves is considered more important than their concentration. One of the factors which can affect the reserve content can be the soil compaction. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of the soil compaction on the reserve root nutrients in relation to the stand density and the amount of the root biomass. In this experiment, the stand density ranged from 28 to 112 plants per m<sup>2</sup>. The average soil bulk density in the uncompacted and compacted variants was found to be 1.38 and 1.52 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. In spring and autumn periods, the root samples were taken from an area of 0.25 m<sup>2</sup> (the depth 150 mm) in four replications. The number of plants, the root weight, and the concentrations of starch, saccharose, fructose, and crude protein were assessed in each plot. The total amount of the root reserves was calculated from the determined concentrations and the weights of roots of each sample. A higher soil compaction reduced significantly the stand density, root weight, total amount of all nutrients as well as the starch and crude protein concentrations. The concentration of the soluble non-structural saccharides was identical to or increased over that in the compacted variant. The negative significant effect of a higher soil compaction on the root weight and, consequently, on the total amount of all reserve root nutrients was explained by the changes in the stand density. When the root weight effect was excluded, the compacted variant provided a significantly lower density and crude protein amount and concentration. The significant effect of density on the reserve nutrients was explained by changes in the root weight.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document