Distribution and cycling of macronutrients in a Pinusresinosa plantation fertilized with nitrogen and potassium

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 778-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bockheim ◽  
J. E. Leide ◽  
D. S. Tavella
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Budgets ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

Fertilization with 100 kg K ha−1 as KCl and 100 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3 resulted in an 11% increase in aboveground biomass and a 32% increase in aboveground production 4 years following fertilization of a 33-year-old red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantation in central Wisconsin. The greatest absolute increase in dry matter occurred in the foliage, followed by the sapwood and the live branches. Fertilization increased all macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) in the aboveground tissues. The increase was greatest for N, followed by Ca, K, Mg, and P. The net gains in macronutrients in the live branches and the sapwood were due not only to increases in dry matter production but also to increases in nutrient concentrations. However, the increases in macronutrients in the foliage were related to an increase in foliage mass rather than to changes in foliar concentrations. Whereas 26 kg K ha−1 (26% of applied K) was recovered in the biomass and forest floor 4 years after fertilization, 107 kg N ha−1 (107% of applied N) was recovered in these pools. The greater recovery of N than the amount applied was attributed to additive errors associated with preparation of nutrient budgets. Fertilization increased leaching losses of all macronutrients, especially [Formula: see text] and Ca2+, at the bottom of the rooting zone. However, leaching losses returned to levels measured in the control stand within 5 [Formula: see text] to 14 months [Formula: see text] following fertilization.

scholarly journals Nitrate leaching and N2-fixation in grasslands of different composition, age and management

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN ◽  
F. P. VINTHER ◽  
K. SØEGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Over Time

Grass-legume associations may offer a way of improving the N efficiency of dairy farming, but may also have an adverse impact on the environment by increasing leaching losses. Nitrate leaching from four cropping sequences with different grassland frequency and management (long-term grazed, long-term cut, cereals followed by 1 and 2-year grazed leys) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland for both unfertilized grass-clover (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) and fertilized perennial ryegrass (300 kg N/ha) swards during 1997–2002. Furthermore, 1 year (2001) of N2 fixation in 1-, 2- and 8-year-old grass-clover pastures was determined. Nitrate leaching from grazed unfertilized grass-clover was always considerably lower than from grazed fertilized ryegrass. The effect of grassland age on nitrate leaching was insignificant in grass-clover but clear in grazed ryegrass, where levels increased dramatically with sward age. In production years 6–8, leaching from grass-clover was only 9–13% of the comparable losses from ryegrass. Under the cutting regime grass-clover showed a significant reduction in both yield and N-removal with increasing sward age, whereas for ryegrass these figures did not show any decreasing trend. N2 fixation was lower in 8-year-old swards compared with fully established 2-year-old swards as a consequence of lower dry matter production, lower clover content and a lower proportion of clover-N derived from the atmosphere. The results from the present study indicate that the higher leaching losses observed in fertilized grass compared with unfertilized grass-clover systems were caused by (1) a reduction in N2-fixation in grass-clover over time and (2) a reduction in dry matter production in grass-clover over time, lowering the grazing intensity and the recycling of grassland N via animal excreta.

Effects of base cation fertilization on soil and foliage nutrient concentrations, and litter-fall and throughfall nutrient fluxes in a sugar maple forest

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Fyles ◽  
B. Côté ◽  
F. Courchesne ◽  
W.H. Hendershot ◽  
S. Savoie
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Litter Fall ◽  
Fertilizer Response ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Cycling System

Application of base cation fertilizers is widely used to ameliorate decline symptoms in hardwood forests in southern Quebec, but little is known about the effects of fertilization on nutrient cycling. Control and fertilized plots in a sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) dominated stand were monitored over a 4-year period to determine the effects of fertilization on exchangeable soil base cations in soil, foliar nutrient concentrations, and fluxes of N, K, Ca, and Mg in litter fall and throughfall. Fertilization had a large, immediate effect on exchangeable K, whereas effects on Ca and Mg were delayed and restricted to the organic forest floor, presumably because of the lower solubility of the limestone-based Ca and Mg components of the fertilizer. Fertilization raised pH in the organic forest floor the second and third years after application but had no effect in the B horizon. Foliar K, Ca, and Mg were elevated in the year of fertilization, but foliar concentrations of Ca and Mg did not differ from, or were lower than, controls in following years. Litter-fall K flux was increased by fertilization, but litter-fall Ca and Mg fluxes and all through-fall base cation fluxes were unaffected. In control plots, nutrient concentrations in soil remained relatively constant throughout the study, but foliar concentrations and, in particular, litter-fall fluxes varied widely from year to year. This natural variation caused control plots to shift from a state of deficiency in N, Ca, and Mg to a nutrient-sufficient state between the first and second years of study. Fertilization effects are superimposed on a naturally variable nutrient cycling system, and controls on this variability must be understood if fertilizer response is to be accurately predicted.

Effects of soil properties on variation in growth, grain yield and nutrient concentration of wheat and barley

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Matter Production

High spatial and temporal variability is an inherent feature of dryland cereal crops over much of the southern cereal zone. The potential limitations to crop growth and yield of the chemical properties of the subsoils in the region have been long recognised, but there is still an incomplete understanding of the relative importance of different traits and how they interact to affect grain yield. Measurements were taken in a paddock at the Minnipa Agriculture Centre, Upper Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, to describe the effects of properties in the topsoil and subsoil on plant dry matter production, grain yield and plant nutrient concentrations in two consecutive years. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Worrakatta) was grown in the first year and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Barque) in the second. All soil properties except pH showed a high degree of spatial variability. Variability in plant nutrient concentration, plant growth and grain yield was also high, but less than that of most of the soil properties. Variation in grain yield was more closely related to variation in dry matter at maturity and in harvest index than to dry matter production at tillering and anthesis. Soil properties had a stronger relationship with dry matter production and grain yield in 1999, the drier of the two years. Colwell phosphorus concentration in the topsoil (0–0.15 m) was positively correlated with dry matter production at tillering but was not related to dry matter production at anthesis or with grain yield. Subsoil pH, extractable boron concentration and electrical conductivity (EC) were closely related. The importance of EC and soil extractable boron to grain yield variation increased with depth, but EC had a greater influence than the other soil properties. In a year with above-average rainfall, very little of the variation in yield could be described by any of the measured soil variables. The results suggest that variation in EC was more important to describing variation in yield than variation in pH, extractable boron or other chemical properties.

Effects of irrigation frequency and transient waterlogging on the production of a perennial ryegrass - white clover pasture

1997 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Dunbabin ◽  
I. H. Hume ◽  
M. E. Ireson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Matter Production

Summary. Perennial ryegrass–white clover swards were irrigated for 3 years every 50, 80 and 120 mm of crop evapotranspiration minus rainfall (ETc–R) and water ponded on the soil surface for either 4, 12 or 24 h at each irrigation. Pasture production and clover content were highly seasonal, peaking in spring and autumn. Frequent irrigation increased dry matter production by an average of 56%. When irrigating at 50 mm ETc–R, dry matter production was decreased by ponding water on plots, 17% for 12 h ponding and 14% if ponded for 24 h. However, when irrigating at an interval of 80 mm ETc–R ponding increased dry matter production by 7% for 12 h ponding and by 25% for 24 h ponding. Ponding also increased production at an irrigation interval of 120 mm ETc–R by 25% for 12 h ponding but only by 2.4% for 24 h ponding. While these increases in dry matter production are large in relative terms the absolute increase in production is small. More water infiltrated per irrigation at longer irrigation intervals, and at longer ponding times. Frequently irrigated, rapidly drained swards used irrigation water most efficiently. The small gain in dry matter production achieved by prolonging ponding at longer irrigation intervals is an inefficient use of water and likely to recharge regional groundwater systems. Oxygen diffusion rate measurements suggested that ponding for as short as 4 h was likely to cause waterlogging stresses and that these stresses were higher when irrigating frequently. The relative increase in waterlogging stress by extending the period of ponding from 4 to 24 h was small.

Effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization on growth of Scots pine trees: total annual biomass increment, needle efficiency, and aboveground allocation of biomass increment

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Valinger
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Aboveground Biomass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Allocation Pattern ◽  
Biomass Increment ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Aboveground Production ◽  
Annual Biomass

The effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization, singly and in combination, on growth of 45-year-old Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) trees in northern Sweden were examined for 5 years after treatment. Annual examination of trees determined height growth, diameter growth, crown development, annual biomass increment, aboveground biomass allocation, and needle efficiency in relation to treatments. Nitrogen fertilization increased total dry matter production. The combination of thinning and nitrogen fertilization increased total dry matter production per tree more than the additive effects of thinning and nitrogen fertilization singly. Dry matter production per hectare was increased by nitrogen fertilization. Needle efficiency, i.e., total annual aboveground biomass production per unit of needle mass, was also increased by nitrogen fertilization. The increased aboveground production after nitrogen fertilization resulted from both an increase in biomass of needles and from the increased needle efficiency. The allocation pattern indicated that an increased production of stemwood was a result of a larger biomass of needles. An increase in cone production of the control trees was associated with a decrease in needle efficiency.

Stocking density of cattle and herbage production on Mediterranean grassland

1989 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. G. Seligman ◽  
M. Gutman ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
I. Noy Meir ◽  
H. Baram
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Activity Factor ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Maintenance Requirements

SUMMARYA Mediterranean grassland was grazed with beef cattle at 0·5, 0·67 and 0·83 cows/ha, all the year round for 5 years. Range forage became increasingly scarce during the dry season, especially at high stocking density, and more supplementation was needed to maintain the animals. Herbage consumption was calculated from standard requirements for recorded body weight and performance. Maintenance requirements were multiplied by a grazing activity factor of 1·6.Mean annual herbage dry matter production was estimated at c. 3·06 ± 0·137 t/ha. Most of the variation between years was due to a particularly productive year in 1978. Contrary to expectation, stocking density had a small effect on total herbage production, despite significant differences in animal performance. It appears that herbage production of the seasonally temperate herbaceous range, typical of the basaltic hills in eastern Galilee in Israel, is not limited by total annual rainfall. Alternative limiting factors are nutrient deficiency and restricted rooting zone, or a combination of both.

The effect of winter cover crop management on nitrate leaching losses and crop growth

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. FRANCIS ◽  
K. M. BARTLEY ◽  
F. J. TABLEY
Keyword(s):  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Mineral N ◽  
Soil Mineral ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Fallow Soil

Two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand, were conducted during 1993–95 following the ploughing of temporary pasture leys. These experiments investigated the effects of cover crop management on the accumulation of soil mineral N and nitrate leaching during winter, and the growth and N uptake of the following spring cereal crop. The cover crops used were ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.), mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum).Ploughing of temporary pasture in autumn (March) resulted in extensive net N mineralization of organic N by the start of winter (June). In fallow soil, mineral N in the profile in June ranged from 98 kg N/ha in 1993 to 128 kg N/ha in 1994. When cover crops were established early in the autumn (March) in 1993, both the above-ground dry matter production (1440–3108 kg DM/ha) and its N content (50–71 kg N/ha) were substantial by the start of winter. In 1994, establishment of cover crops one month later (April) resulted in very little dry matter production and N uptake by June. In both years, compared with fallow soil, winter wheat planted in May had little effect on soil mineral N content by the start of winter.Compared with fallow, cover crops had little effect on soil drainage over winter. Cumulative nitrate leaching losses from fallow soil were much smaller in 1993 (23 kg N/ha) than in 1994 (49 kg N/ha), mainly due to differences in rainfall distribution. Cover crops reduced cumulative nitrate leaching losses in 1993 to 1–5 kg N/ha and in 1994 to 22–30 kg N/ha. When cover crops were grazed, soil mineral N contents were increased due to the return of ingested plant N to urine patch areas of soil. Elevated soil mineral N contents under grazing persisted throughout the winter. Grazing had little effect on cumulative nitrate leaching losses, mainly because of the small amount of drainage that occurred after grazing in either year.Compared with fallow, incorporation of large amounts of non-leguminous above ground dry matter depressed the yield and N uptake of the following spring-sown cereal crop. Where cover crops were grazed, yields of the following cereal crops were similar to those for soil fallow over the winter.

scholarly journals Response of Epidendrum Ibaguense (orchidaceae) to the application of lime rates to the pot

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 793-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donizetti Tomaz Rodrigues ◽  
Roberto Ferreira Novais ◽  
Víctor Hugo Alvarez V ◽  
José Maria Moreira Dias ◽  
Ecila Mercês de Albuquerque Villani
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
A Value ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
Cultivation Substrate

In the best cultivation methods of orchids, in particular of the genus Phalaenopsis, liming is a common practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lime rates (0.0; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0; 4.0; and 5.0 g dm-3 of substrate) applied to the cultivation substrate (xaxim) on the growth of Epidendrum ibaguense seedlings. In a greenhouse, 1-L plastic pots filled with 0.8 dm³ of xaxim were irrigated such that no leachate was lost during the experiment. N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, B, and Mn contents in roots, stems and leaves were measured. Leachate was collected by applying a sufficient water volume to obtain 25 mL from each pot. Fourteen days after lime application of 3 g dm-3, the pH of the collected leachate reached values above 7 and a value of 6.29 with the highest lime rate at the end of the experiment. The lime rate did not influence plant height, probably due to a Zn deficiency at high pH levels and a Ca deficiency in the control. Nevertheless, there was a large increase in leaf production, for number as well as for dry matter mass. There was no statistical difference between treatments in root dry matter production. Maximum dry matter production was obtained at a lime rate of 4.09 g dm-3. Zinc concentrations diminished linearly with increasing lime rates; the concentrations in all treatments were below the levels suggested as adequate in the literature (25-200 mg kg-1). Nutrient concentrations in leaves indicated deficiency of N, S, and B at the highest lime rates (4.0 and 5.0 g dm-3), and of Ca in the treatment without liming.

Distribution and cycling of elements in a Pinus resinosa plantation ecosystem, Wisconsin

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Bockheim ◽  
S. W. Lee ◽  
J. E. Leide
Keyword(s):  
Forest Floor ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Belowground Biomass ◽  
Mineral Weathering ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Atmospheric Inputs ◽  
Turn Over

Biomass in 34-year-old planted red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) on a Typic Udipsamment soil was 127 t ha−1. Aboveground net primary production was 10.2 t ha−1 year−1. Nutrient concentrations in the trees varied by (i) tissue, (ii) position in tree, and (iii) age of foliage. In the aboveground tree concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, and S were greatest in foliage followed by bolebark, live branches, and bolewood. Concentrations of N and S in foliage, bolebark, and live branches and concentrations of K, Mg, and P in the bolebark and live branches increased toward the apex of the tree. Whereas concentrations of Ca, Mg, and S increased with foliar age, concentrations of K and P decreased with foliar age. Total elements in the aboveground and belowground biomass were ranked: N > Ca > K > Mg > S > P. The forest floor contained greater quantities of N (254 kg ha−1) than the vegetation (222 kg ha−1). The upper 100 cm of mineral soil contained from 8.2% (N) to 89% (Mg) of the readily available nutrients in the ecosystem: Atmospheric inputs were the major source of N and S. Output of a given element by leaching beyond the rooting zone (55 cm) was less than 7 kg ha−1 year−1, except for S which was 12 kg ha−1 year−1. Litterfall returned the greatest amounts of each of the elements to the soil surface, followed by throughfall and stemflow. Because of foliar leaching, the net loading of each of the elements exceeded that of the precipitation. With the exception of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and H, loading of elements in the forest floor leachate exceeded that of the throughfall + stemflow. Nitrogen mineralization was estimated to be 44 kg ha−1 year−1. Whereas N, S, and P in the forest floor required approximately 10 years to turn over, Ca, Mg, and K turned over in about 5 years. Mineral weathering provided 22, 6.9, and 5.0 kg ha−1 year−1 of Ca, K, and Mg, respectively. These estimates, determined from the mass balance approach, are considered to be too high. Elements were taken up by the vegetation in the following order: Ca (56 kg ha−1 year−1), N (54), K (18), S (13), and Mg (10 kg ha−1 year−1). Elemental retention, which ranged from 30% for S to 50% for K, was lower than for comparable ecosystems.

scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilization by deep bedding swine production and its effects on dry matter production and accumulation of nutrients by maize

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1257-1267
Author(s):  
Alessandro T. Campos ◽  
Alessandro V. Veloso ◽  
Enilson B. Silva ◽  
Tadayuki Yanagi Júnior ◽  
Matheus C. Mattioli
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Corn Plants

The goal of this study was to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization as deep litter for pigs in order to produce biomass and accumulate nutrients by the corn. A deep litter made of rice husk as organic compound, from a commercial pig farm during finishing phase, was used. After three consecutive batches of pigs, the deep litter was subjected to a maturation period of 50 days, and samples of this material were taken for analysis of agronomic value. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replicates. The treatments consisted of doses of 0, 75, 150 and 300mg dm-3 of N of deep litter, as well as an additional treatment with ammonium sulfate, with a dosage of 150mg dm-3 of N. After 45 days, corn plants were harvested in order to evaluate the total dry weight and nutrient concentrations of their aerial parts. Dry matter increases were found with more application of deep litter. Regarding control fertilization, the use of increasing dosages of deep litter allowed accumulation of K, reduced the availability of P, Ca, Mg, Zn and B and did not alter the concentrations of N, Cu, Fe and Mn.

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