Nutritional aspects of distorted growth in immature forest stands of southwestern coastal British Columbia

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Carter ◽  
A. M. Scagel ◽  
K. Klinka
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Zn Deficiency ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Nutritional problems, deficiencies of B and Zn in particular, have been tentatively identified as the cause of specific distorted growth symptoms in several young stands of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) in southwestern coastal British Columbia. The most common symptoms associated with these apparent micronutrient deficiencies include leader dieback and discolouration, multileadered and bushy crowns, and, in severely deficient trees, swollen and distorted stems. Visual symptoms of apparent B deficiency become obvious when foliar concentrations are <5.0 ppm; visual symptoms of apparent Zn deficiency are less easily recognized, usually occurring when foliar Zn levels are less than approximately 9.0 ppm. Low foliar concentrations of B were often associated with low levels of Ca and Mg. Foliar B concentration was also correlated with total foliar S. Temporal variation in foliar nutrient levels, examined over 3 years, was quite high with an apparent strong relationship to growing season precipitation. This suggests that deficiencies of B and (or) Zn may be acute rather than chronic, with the appearance of periodic acute deficiencies being influenced by growing season soil moisture supply.

Growth and foliar nutrient concentrations of Pacific silver fir

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 1429-1435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Radwan ◽  
M. D. Murray ◽  
J. M. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Site Index ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Natural Stands

Nineteen natural stands of Pacific silver fir (Abiesamabilis (Dougl.) Forbes) were assessed for selected site and tree characteristics. The stands, located throughout western Washington, were 26 to 37 years old; they occurred at various elevations (110–1300 m) and on different soil types, and varied greatly in associated plant species. Site index at 50 years breast-high age ranged from 12 to 24 m. Terminal growth per year during the previous 3 years, needle number per centimetre of twig tissue, needle weight and area, and foliar concentrations of 13 elements varied among the 19 stands. Compared with associated western conifers, silver fir had moderate terminal growth, larger and heavier needles, more needles per centimetre of twig tissue, and lower foliar concentrations of N, S, and Mg. There were many significant correlations among the different variables. The foliar nutrient data obtained provide base-line information for future research in nutrition and fertilization of silver fir. These data and the significant correlations between nutrients and site-stand characteristics suggest that (i) silver fir may be more efficient than some western conifers in use of some nutrients, (ii) productivity of silver fir may be improved by application of certain fertilizers; fertilization may be particularly effective during the seedling stage when growth is typically slow, and (iii) levels of some foliar nutrients may be useful as indicators of site quality for silver fir production.

scholarly journals Vegetation Management Using Polyethylene Mulch Mats and Glyphosate Herbicide in a Coastal British Columbia Hybrid Poplar Plantation: Four-Year Growth Response

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Thomas ◽  
W.J. Reid ◽  
P.G. Comeau
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Hybrid Poplars ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Glyphosate Herbicide ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Abstract This study was initiated in 1995 to gather information on the effectiveness of opaque polyethylene mats and glyphosate herbicide treatment on growth and yield of hybrid poplar plantations on south coastal British Columbia. Immediately after planting 40 cm tall hybrid poplar cuttings, 60 × 60 cm opaque polyethylene mats were installed. All treatment plots were mechanically cultivated in one direction twice yearly from 1995 to 1997. This practice left an uncultivated strip between trees running in the same direction as the cultivation. The uncultivated strip was approximately 1 m wide, and represented approximately one-third (0.04 ha) of the total plot area (0.13 ha). Glyphosate was applied at a rate of 2.1 kg active ingredient (ai)/ha in water to the uncultivated strips in the herbicide treatment plots in midsummer of the second and third growing seasons. The opaque polyethylene mats significantly improved poplar height growth only for the first growing season. After four growing seasons, hybrid poplars treated with glyphosate were significantly taller (983 cm) than those in either the mat (915 cm) or control treated plots (902 cm). Diameter at breast height (dbh) was also significantly greater in the herbicide treated plots (88 mm) than in either the mat (78 mm) or control (77 mm) treated plots. Total volume was also significantly greater in herbicide plots (23 ³/ha) than in either the mat (17 m³/ha) or control (17 m³/ha) plots. Basal area and total volume were 14% and 37%, respectively, greater in the herbicide plots than in the mat and control plots following the fourth growing season. West. J. Appl. For. 16(1):26–30.

Pollen analysis and ordination of lake sediment-surface samples from coastal British Columbia, Canada

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlow G. Pellatt ◽  
Rolf W. Mathewes ◽  
Ian R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Pollen Analysis ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Detrended Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Growing Season Precipitation

Surficial sediment samples from 42 lakes, distributed from sea level to alpine elevations of coastal British Columbia and northwest Washington, were analyzed for pollen and spores. Pollen analysis revealed characteristic differences among the assemblages of the Coastal Western Hemlock, Mountain Hemlock, and Engelmann Spruce – Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zones (the Alpine zone is less clearly identifiable). Cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) correctly group the sites according to their biogeoclimatic zones and also by geographic origin. DCA indicates a high correlation between the biogeoclimatic zones of the sample sites and annual precipitation (−0.89), January temperature (−0.77), annual temperature (−0.64), and growing-season precipitation (−0.68). Further analysis of the samples and eight environmental gradients using canonical correspondence analysis groups the pollen assemblages from the study sites into biogeoclimatic zones in relation to annual precipitation, growing-season precipitation, annual snowfall, annual temperature, and growing degree-days. These data are useful for testing whether or not postglacial pollen assemblages have modern analogues. Key words: modern pollen analysis, vegetation, ordination, multivariate statistical analysis, biogeoclimatic zones, British Columbia.

scholarly journals Western redcedar population dynamics in old-growth forests: Contrasting ecological paradigms using tree rings

2003 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori D Daniels
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Western Hemlock ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Western Redcedar ◽  
Old Growth Forests ◽  
Gap Phase ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

In coastal British Columbia, late-successional forests dominated by western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) are structurally complex, with deep multi-layered canopies, large trees that are > 250 years old, and abundant coarse woody debris (CWD). These forests are presumed to be "old-growth" forests in which fine-scale gaps are the dominant disturbance regime, accounting for their structural diversity. In this study, I have used tree-ring analyses to investigate western redcedar regeneration dynamics in these old-growth forests. Western redcedar dominates canopies of many stands, but is rare in the understorey although it tolerates shade. The traditional interpretation is that western redcedar depends on catastrophic disturbance to regenerate and that it is replaced through succession by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes), which are abundant in the understorey. Dominant trees are perceived to represent an even-aged, post-disturbance cohort and the lack of regeneration indicates a population decline in the absence of catastrophic disturbances. In this paper, I investigate four assumptions underlying this interpretation: (1) Tree size indicates age. (2) Populations establish as even-aged, post-disturbance cohorts. (3) Abundant CWD represents recent mortality. (4) Regeneration is insufficient to maintain canopy dominance. Using tree-ring evidence, I show that population dynamics of western redcedar are a combination of gap-phase establishment and a continuous mode of recruitment from the sub-canopy to the canopy. Specifically, size is a poor surrogate for tree age. Age distributions from 15 sites revealed uneven-aged populations, rather than single post-disturbance cohorts. Both logs and snags of western redcedar may persist more than 270 years; they do not represent recent mortality that is disproportionate to the number of live western redcedar in canopy. The regeneration niches of western redcedar and western hemlock overlap. For both species, gap-phase disturbances result in substrate suitable for successful seedling establishment. Preliminary results from dendroecological analysis of radial growth rates of trees in the subcanopy and canopy strata suggest that western hemlock and Pacific silver fir depend on gaps to recruit to the upper canopy, but recruitment of western redcedar may be independent of canopy gaps. I propose that differences in mode of recruitment to the canopy may explain the differences in population structures between western redcedar, western hemlock, and Pacific silver fir in the old-growth forest. These results provide an ecological precedent for use of a range of silvicultural systems, including clearcuts through single-tree harvesting and protection forests, when managing western redcedar in coastal British Columbia. Key words: Coastal British Columbia, disturbance regimes, regeneration dynamics, Thuja plicata, variable retention silviculture

Effects of Thinning and Fertilization on Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Sugar Maple

1975 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 410-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Stone ◽  
D. R. Christenson
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Foliar Nutrients ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Foliar Nutrient ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Foliar Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Dilution Effects

Effects of thinning and fertilization on growth and foliar nutrients were studied in pole-size sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.). Thinning plus fertilization resulted in significantly lower concentrations of foliar N, P, K, Mg, Cu, Zn, B, and Al in the first growing season, and of Mg, Cu, Zn, and Al in the 2nd year. Foliar nutrients in released, but nonfertilized, trees exhibited similar trends. The decreased foliar nutrient concentrations are attributed to dilution effects as a result of increased growth.Fertilization with N, P, and K significantly increased foliar concentrations of those nutrients but did not stimulate radial growth. Thinning resulted in highly significant increase in diameter growth both years.

Nitrogen pools and processes in agricultural systems of Coastal British Columbia — A review of published research

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Soil N ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

A significant amount of research on nitrogen (N) dynamics has been conducted within the past 20 yr in south coastal British Columbia. This succinct set of data has practical and environmental information on N cycling particularly focusing on gains to and losses from agricultural fields, and transformations of soil N pools. Coastal British Columbia fields have received large annual additions by application of fertilizer and manure. Some of the manure N from animals using locally grown forages is recycled within the farm operation, but a large amount of N is imported as feed especially for intensive animal production. Budget calculations estimated that there may be substantial losses of N through volatilization from manure, particularly from housing and storage areas, and during application to fields. Some of the volatilized ammonia in holding areas may be recycled to fields via precipitation. Direct measurements of these losses and returns of N have not been made. Studies have shown that there is limited risk of leaching of nitrate beyond the root zone during the growing season because most of the annual rainfall occurs over the winter and because nitrate can be adsorbed to soil particles. However, any extractable inorganic N (nitrate directly and ammonium after nitrification) in the profile at the end of the growing season will be lost over the winter. Most of that loss is due to nitrate leaching, but conditions are also favorable for denitrification. There is considerable (> 200 mg N k−1 in some soils) ammonium-N fixed in Fraser Valley soils, but the impact of this phenomenon to crop growth is still poorly understood. Wetting and drying cycles have a great influence on the dynamics of this pool of soil N. The response of spring growth of grass to the time of N application was influenced by the relative competitiveness of microorganisms and plants for available soil N. A study comparing short-season (broccoli) and long-season (sweet corn) crop responses to N applications showed that the rate at which the plants require N influences their response to N amendments. Raspberries were found to require relatively small quantities of N on a land area basis because of the wide inter-row distances. An autumn soil nitrate test has been proposed for making fertilizer N recommendations for raspberries. Although knowledge gained from this research has provided a basis for interpreting studies for the development of N management practices and for making interim recommendations, a method to predict the amount of N mineralized from soil organic matter is key to the development of soil-analysis-based N rate recommendations. Key words: N cycling, nitrate, ammonium, fixed ammonium, soil organic N, mineralization

Influence of the time and rate of liquid-manure application on yield and nitrogen utilization of silage corn in south coastal British Columbia

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
J. W. Paul ◽  
O. Schmidt ◽  
R. McDougall
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Liquid Manure ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Manure-N availability must be known in order to design application practices that maximize the nutrient value of the manure while minimizing adverse environmental impacts. This study determined the effect of time and rate of liquid manure application on silage corn yield and N utilization, and residual soil nitrate at harvest, in south coastal British Columbia. Liquid dairy or liquid hog manure was applied at target rates of 0, 175, 350 or 525 kg N ha−1, with or without addition of 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer, at two sites in each of 2 yr. Time of liquid-dairy-manure application was also tested at two sites in each of 2 yr with N-application treatments of: 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in spring; 600 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in fall; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure applied in each of spring and fall; 200 kg N ha−1 applied as inorganic fertilizer in spring; 300 kg N ha−1 as manure plus 100 kg N ha−1 as inorganic fertilizer applied in spring; and a control that received no applied N. Fall-applied manure did not increase corn yield or N uptake in the following growing season. At all sites, maximum yield was attained using manure only. Selection of proper spring application rates for manure and inorganic fertilizer were found to be equally important in minimizing residual soil nitrate at harvest. Apparent recovery of applied N in the crop ranged from 0 to 33% for manure and from 18 to 93% for inorganic fertilizer. Key words: N recovery, manure management

STRUCTURE, STRATIGRAPHY, AND PALEONTOLOGY OF AN UPPER TRIASSIC SECTION ON THE WEST COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 442-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Carlisle ◽  
Takeo Susuki
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Pillow Lava ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Coast Range ◽  
Thermal Alteration ◽  
The West ◽  
Coastal British Columbia ◽  
Sedimentary Unit

The highly deformed section at Open Bay is one of the few good exposures of a thick sedimentary unit within the prebatholithic rocks along coastal British Columbia. It provides new structural information relating to emplacement of a part of the Coast Range batholith and it contains an important Upper Triassic fauna unusually well represented. Structural and paleontological analyses are mutually supporting and are purposely combined in one paper.Thirteen ammonite genera from 14 localities clearly substantiate McLearn's tentative assignment to the Tropites subbullatus zone (Upper Karnian) and suggest a restriction to the T. dilleri subzone as defined in northern California.Contrary to an earlier view, the beds are lithologically similar across the whole bay except for variations in the intensity of deformation and thermal alteration. Their contact with slightly older relatively undeformed flows is apparently a zone of dislocation. Stratigraphic thicknesses cannot be measured with confidence, and subdivision into "Marble Bay Formation" and "Open Bay Group" cannot be accepted. Open Bay Formation is redefined to include all the folded marble and interbedded pillow lava at Open Bay. Lithologic and biostratigraphic correlation is suggested with the lower middle part of the Quatsino Formation on Iron River, 24 miles to the southwest. Basalt flows and pillowed volcanics west of Open Bay are correlated with the Texada Formation within the Karmutsen Group.The predominant folding is shown to precede, accompany, and follow intrusion of numerous andesitic pods and to precede emplacement of quartz diorite of the batholith. Structural asymmetry is shown to have originated through gentle cross-folding and emplacement of minor intrusives during deformation.

Bacterioplankton, Phytoplankton, and Zooplankton Communities in a British Columbia Coastal Lake Before and After Nutrient Reduction

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1504-1514 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Joan Hardy ◽  
Ken S. Shortreed ◽  
John G. Stockner
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Coastal Lake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Concentrations

Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were applied weekly during the growing season from 1980 to 1982 and twice weekly in 1983 to Hobiton Lake, a warm monomictic coastal lake in British Columbia. The lake was not fertilized in 1984. Average numbers of bacteria during the growing season decreased from a high of 1.53 × 106∙mL−1 in the fertilized condition to 0.84 × 106∙mL−1 in the unfertilized condition. Chlorophyll a concentrations decreased from a maximum seasonal average of 2.69 μg∙L−1 (1981) to 1.30 μg∙L−1 (1984), and algal numbers decreased from 5.83 × 104∙mL−1 (1983) to 2.29 × 104∙mL−1 (1984). Although the numbers of phytoplankton in each size fraction (picoplankton, nanoplankton, or microplankton) decreased in the unfertilized condition, the greatest change was an almost fourfold decrease in picoplankton, which consisted of 90% cyanobacteria (primarily Synechococcus spp.). Abundance of the large diatoms Rhizosolenia spp. and Melosira spp. increased in 1984, resulting in an increase in average seasonal algal volume. Average densities of medium (0.15–0.84 mm) and large (0.85–1.5 mm) zooplankton were greatest in 1982, while rotifers and small zooplankton (0.10–0.14 mm) were most dense in 1984 following nutrient reduction. The lake had relatively high concentrations of planktivorous juvenile sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) that appeared to minimize any direct effect of nutrient additions on zooplankton densities.

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