Factor substitution and economies of scale in the Alberta sawmill industry

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1025-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamal Banskota ◽  
William Phillips ◽  
Timothy Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Timber Supply ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factor Substitution ◽  
Sawmill Industry ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
Input Prices

An analysis of cross-sectional data reveals that a nonhomothetic transcendental logarithmic cost function provides an appropriate representation of the structure of the Alberta sawmill industry. While the econometric approach used is well established, its application to forestry using cross-sectional data is rare. In this study, mill lumber output was specified as a function of the input prices for labour, capital, wood, and energy. All own-price elasticities are significant and negative as expected. There are significant degrees of factor substitution among the inputs in the sawmills in response to changes in factor prices. Virtually all mills have positive scale economies. There is a positive association between larger sawmills and significant scale economies. These results have important implications regarding long-term timber supply and economic efficiency.

Factor substitution and economies of scale in the southern Ontario hardwood sawmilling industry

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 1139-1146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.D. Puttock ◽  
D.M. Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Economies ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Hardwood Lumber ◽  
Factor Substitution ◽  
Sawmilling Industry ◽  
Input Prices

An analysis of pooled data reveals that a nonhomothetic transcendental logarithmic cost function provides an appropriate representation of the hardwood lumber manufacturing industry in southern Ontario. In this study, total cost was specified as a function of mill output; the input prices for wood, labour, and energy; and a measure of mill capacity. All own-price elasticities have the expected negative sign. All input pairs are found to be substitutes, with labour and energy displaying the strongest substitutability relationship. There are economies of scale that have yet to be exploited by sawmills producing less than 16 × 106 board ft (1 board ft = 2.360 dm3) of lumber annually. Scale economies are fully exhausted for mills with annual output greater than this value.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Morales-Ivorra ◽  
Montserrat Romera-Baures ◽  
Blanca Roman-Viñas ◽  
Lluis Serra-Majem
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cartilage Degradation ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Relationship

Osteoarthritis (OA) affects 240 million people globally. Few studies have examined the links between osteoarthritis and the Mediterranean diet (MD). The aim of this paper was to systematically review and analyze the epidemiological evidence in humans on the MD and its association with OA. A systematic search of EMBASE identified three studies that explored the association between MD and OA. Two of them were cross-sectional and the third one was a 16-week randomized clinical trial. Prisma declaration was followed to carry out this review. These studies described a positive association between a higher adherence to a MD and the quality of life of participants suffering OA. The prevalence of OA was lower in participants with a higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage degradation related to OA were also analyzed and significant differences were detected only for IL1-α, which decreased in the MD group. Exploring the relationship between MD and OA is complex, moreover, the limited evidence and methodological differences in such studies makes it difficult to compare results. In conclusion, the three studies included in this systematic review demonstrated some relation between osteoarthritis and a Mediterranean diet. However, prospective and longer interventions are required to evaluate the long-term efficacy of the Mediterranean diet to improve symptomatology and preventing osteoarthritis.

scholarly journals Do Bank Size Moderate Relationship between Banks’ Portfolio Diversification and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya?

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-30
Author(s):  
Stephen Githaiga Ngware ◽  
Tobias Olweny ◽  
Willy Muturi
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Portfolio Diversification ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Regulatory Constraints ◽  
Banking Institutions

Purpose- It is complicated to efficiently manage the bank’s portfolio, simultaneously maximize returns and minimize risks while being subject to managerial and regulatory constraints. In the financial industry, the size of a bank is used to assist in capturing economies as well as diseconomies of scale. Design/Methodology- As in cases of most literature from finance, natural logarithms of banks' total assets were made use of to measure commercial banks’ size. The 43 commercial banking institutions having an official license from CBK by December 2017 were the target population of this study. The study analyzed Time-Series Cross-Sectional unbalanced secondary panel data obtained from all the 43 commercial banking institutions in Kenya for fifteen years ranging from 2003 to 2017. Findings- Study findings revealed a positive effect of bank size on ROE and ROA that was significant. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association of bank size on the financial performance of banks in Kenya, which was significant. Bank size had a significant moderating effect on the relationship of banks portfolio diversification and financial performance of banks in Kenya. Practical Implications- The findings on bank size insinuated that a higher size of entire asset of banks is most probable to accelerate the bank to diversify into feasible opportunities on investment, traverse more enhanced lines of business, increase capacity in market power and, produce increased value that boosts the firm to profit from economies of scale and wider scope and henceforth superior and increased financial performance.

scholarly journals Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in PCOS phenotypes

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 5067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheena Sobti ◽  
Rupali Dewan ◽  
Sunil Ranga
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Hs Crp

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is an endocrine metabolic disorder which is rapidly gaining epidemic proportions. Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR) are thought to be key pathological factors. This study was undertaken to characterize the phenotypes of PCOS and to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance in them.Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the distribution of the Rotterdam PCOS phenotypes and to report the prevalence and risk factors for MetS syndrome and insulin resistance using homeostasis model assesment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). 90 women aged 18-35 years newly diagnosed with PCOS were classified into one of the four potential PCOS phenotypes based on history, examination and investigations.Results: Phenotype A was the most prevalent phenotype (45.5%). Prevalence of insulin resistance in our study was 31% using HOMA- IR cutoff of 2.5, with highest prevalence in phenotype A and least in phenotype D. The overall prevalence of MetS was 36% with a two- to six-fold higher prevalence in hyperandrogenic phenotypes compared to the non-hyperandrogenic phenotype. Highest mean hs- CRP was found in phenotype A which could possibly indicate greater cardiovascular risk in future. Univariate logistic regression for predictive association of MetS parameters was significantly high for deranged parameters i.e. WC≥80cm, fasting plasma glucose ≥100mg/dl, HDL ≤50mg/dl and WHR ≥0.85. Strong positive association was found with all these parameters (p<0.001) Hirsutism (modified Ferriman Gallwey score ≥8) was strongly associated with MetS (p=0.005).Conclusions: An appropriate diagnosis of PCOS and accurate dentification of phenotype is important as it has long-term health implications for women. We recommend screening all hyperandrogenic PCOS women for IR and metabolic abnormalities. This study has shown that HOMA-IR is a valuable tool in identifying PCOS women with metabolic syndrome and also serve to identify PCOS subtype at high risk of future metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Neural adaptations to long-term resistance training: evidence for the confounding effect of muscle size on the interpretation of surface electromyography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Škarabot ◽  
Thomas Grant Balshaw ◽  
Sumiaki Maeo ◽  
Garry J. Massey ◽  
Marcel Bahia Lanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Extensor ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Compound Action Potential ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Discrete Measure ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Muscle Groups

This study compared elbow flexor (EF; Experiment 1) and knee extensor (KE; Experiment 2) maximal compound action potential (Mmax) amplitude between long-term resistance trained (LTRT; n=15 and n=14, 6±3 and 4±1 years of training) and untrained (UT; n=14 and n=49) men; and examined the effect of normalising electromyography (EMG) during maximal voluntary torque (MVT) production to Mmax amplitude on differences between LTRT and UT. EMG was recorded from multiple sites and muscles of EF and KE, Mmax was evoked with percutaneous nerve stimulation, and muscle size was assessed with ultrasonography (thickness, EF) and magnetic resonance imaging (cross-sectional area, KE). Muscle-electrode distance (MED) was measured to account for the effect of adipose tissue on EMG and Mmax. LTRT displayed greater MVT (+66-71%, p<0.001), muscle size (+54-56%, p<0.001), and Mmax amplitudes (+29-60%, p≤0.010) even when corrected for MED (p≤0.045). Mmax was associated with the size of both muscle groups (r≥0.466, p≤0.011). Compared to UT, LTRT had higher absolute voluntary EMG amplitude for the KE (p<0.001), but not the EF (p=0.195), and these differences/similarities were maintained after correction for MED; however, Mmax normalisation resulted in no differences between LTRT and UT for any muscle and/or muscle group (p≥0.652). The positive association between Mmax and muscle size, and no differences when accounting for peripheral electrophysiological properties (EMG/Mmax), indicates the greater absolute voluntary EMG amplitude of LTRT might be confounded by muscle morphology, rather than provide a discrete measure of central neural activity. This study therefore suggests limited agonist neural adaptation after LTRT.

Perceived Overprotection and Its Association With Quality of Life in Dementia

GeroPsych ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Mechthild Niemann-Mirmehdi ◽  
Andreas Häusler ◽  
Paul Gellert ◽  
Johanna Nordheim
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Patient Autonomy ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Mental Well Being

Abstract. To date, few studies have focused on perceived overprotection from the perspective of people with dementia (PwD). In the present examination, the association of perceived overprotection in PwD is examined as an autonomy-restricting factor and thus negative for their mental well-being. Cross-sectional data from the prospective DYADEM study of 82 patient/partner dyads (mean age = 74.26) were used to investigate the association between overprotection, perceived stress, depression, and quality of life (QoL). The analyses show that an overprotective contact style with PwD has a significant positive association with stress and depression, and has a negative association with QoL. The results emphasize the importance of avoiding an overprotective care style and supporting patient autonomy.

Theoretical and Methodological Problems of a 10-Year Follow-Up Program Evaluation Study

2002 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt A. Heller ◽  
Ralph Reimann
Keyword(s):  
Program Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Partial Inclusion ◽  
Methodological Problems

Summary In this paper, conceptual and methodological problems of school program evaluation are discussed. The data were collected in conjunction with a 10 year cross-sectional/longitudinal investigation with partial inclusion of control groups. The experiences and conclusions resulting from this long-term study are revealing not only from the vantage point of the scientific evaluation of new scholastic models, but are also valuable for program evaluation studies in general, particularly in the field of gifted education.

Product Brand Loyalty and Purchase Decision

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Muhammad Naeem ◽  
Abdul Sami
Keyword(s):  
Brand Loyalty ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Purchase Decision ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Business World ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

The present study was an examination of the relationship between product brand loyalty and purchase decision of automotive customers. The study focused on comparative analysis of two famous brands of automobile i-e Honda City and Toyota Corolla Xli and the various effects of product brand loyalty on purchase decision of automotive customers. A cross sectional quantitative research design was employed in the research study. In today’s competitive business world, now most of the marketers and manufacturers of various brands have encountered with multiple variables through which they can not only influence the purchase decision of their customers but also secure their buying preferences. The variables that are used and relevant to this study are product brand loyalty, perceived quality, price, and purchase decision. During examination of the relationship between these variables, study investigated that there is a positive association between product brand loyalty, product perceived quality, price and purchase decision.

Creativity in Sociocultural Systems

2019 ◽  
pp. 269-284
Author(s):  
Dean Keith Simonton
Keyword(s):  
Macro Level ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sociocultural Systems

Although psychologists typically see creativity as an individual-level event, sociologists and cultural anthropologists are more likely to view it as a sociocultural phenomenon. This phenomenon takes place at the level of relatively large and enduring collectives, such as cultures, nations, and even whole civilizations. This chapter reviews the extensive research on such macro-level creativity. The review begins with a historical overview before turning to the cross-sectional research on the creative Ortgeist, a subject that encompasses the factors that influence the relative creativity of both preliterate cultures and entire modern nations. From there the chapter turns to role of the Zeitgeist in affecting the creativity of civilizations across time—the rise and fall of creative activity. This research examines both quantitative and qualitative causes that operate both short- and long-term.

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