Floral response of Piceaglauca to gibberellin A4/7, napthaleneacetic acid, root-pruning, and biennial treatment

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 743-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Marquard ◽  
James W. Hanover
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Napthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
And Control ◽  
Male Strobili

The floral response of 6-year-old seedling white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss.) was evaluated after treatment in 1981 with the gibberellin mixture of A4 and A7 (GA4/7), napthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and root-pruning. To evaluate the effectiveness of biennial treatment, trees treated in 1981 were again treated in 1983 and compared with a second group of trees treated only in 1983. Trees treated in 1981 with 500 mg•L−1 GA4/7 plus 25 mg•L−1 NAA and root-pruning averaged 42 female strobili per tree and control trees remained vegetative. Root-pruning significantly reduced terminal shoot growth and shoot water potential. No male strobili were produced on study trees. Trees treated in 1981 and again in 1983 were as productive (based on female counts) as trees treated only in 1983. Two treatments in 1983 significantly enhanced female strobilus production over the control: (i) 500 mg•L−1 GA4/7 alone and (ii) 250 mg•L−1 GA4/7 plus root-pruning. These treatments averaged 150 and 192 female strobili per tree, respectively; control trees averaged 30. Biennial treatment with GA4/7 and root-pruning can effectively continue to increase female cone production of white spruce.

Promotion of flowering in white spruce (Piceaglauca) by gibberellin A4/7, auxin (naphthaleneacetic acid), and the adjunct cultural treatments of girdling and Ca(NO3)2 fertilization

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
Debra Tomchuk ◽  
Frederick D. Beall ◽  
R. Marie Rauter ◽  
Gyula Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Fold Increase ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Cone Production ◽  
Seed Cone ◽  
Sporadic Flowering ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Pollen Cone ◽  
Temperature Water

Flowering (production of seed cone buds) of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) grafts and of 55-year-old trees was significantly promoted by the application of gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7). Use of GA4/7 accompanied by the adjunct cultural treatment of nondestructive girdling was especially effective. When GA4/7 was injected into a branch, the flowering stimulus was translocated upwards, thereby yielding up to a fivefold increase (72 female cone buds per propagule) in flowering. Clonal propagules sprayed to drip off with GA4/7 + auxin (naphtaleneacetic acid) averaged 116 female cone buds per propagule (a 12-fold increase over controls) with a 100% frequency of flowering. Pollen cone bud production and number of male flowering plants also tended to increase with the most successful flowering treatments. When GA4/7 was applied to 55-year-old trees with nondestructive, overlapping stem girdles and auxin, treatments were significantly effective (6- to 27-fold increases, respectively). When GA4/7 + Ca(NO3)2 was applied to 55-year-old trees, there was a tendency (nonsignificant) to increase (4- to 16-fold) flowering, relative to GA4/7 alone. White spruce, because of its very sporadic flowering and usually nominal response to GA4/7 alone, should be classed as a "recalcitrant conifer species." Use of the GA4/7 plus appropriate adjunct cultural treatments (high temperature, water stress, girdling) and (or) auxin is, thus, recommended if significant flowering and seed cone production is desired.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF ROOT PRUNING ON WATER RELATIONS AND SHOOT GROWTH OF `BELLAIRE' PEACH.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 748A-748
Author(s):  
Roberto Santos ◽  
Bradley H. Taylor ◽  
Roger Kjelgren
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Diurnal Pattern ◽  
June July ◽  
Old Trees

The effect of root pruning on shoot length and water relations of `Bellaire' peach was investigated as a means of controlling vegetative growth. On 27 April, 25 May, and 23 June, 1990, five-year-old trees were root pruned to a 0.35 m depth at either 0.4 or 0.8 m from the tree trunks along both sides of the row. Shoot growth was measured biweekly through the growing season, and the diurnal pattern of stomatal conductance and water potential was followed in late June, July, and August. Stomatal conductance of the root-pruned treatments was less than the control, while there were no differences in water potential among treatments. Reduced shoot elongation was evident within a month of root pruning at 0.4 m for all timing treatments, but at 0.8 m it varied with the date of pruning. The first root pruning at 0.4 m reduced cumulative shoot elongation 39% compared to the un-pruned control trees, while the remaining treatments reduced it 14%. While root pruning limited cumulative shoot elongation in all treatments, the earliest 0.4 m treatment was most effective, possibly due to pruning of a larger percent of the root system prior to rapid shoot elongation. Stomatal closure in root-pruned trees appeared to moderate diurnal water deficits at levels similar to the control.

Timing of defoliation and its effect on bud development, starch reserves, and sap sugar concentration in sugar maple

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Gregory ◽  
Philip M. Wargo
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sugar Concentration ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Terminal Shoot ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
And Control

Sapling sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) trees were defoliated artificially at 10-day intervals beginning May 27 and ending August 5, 1981. Refoliation, terminal bud and shoot development, and xylem starch and sap sugar concentration were observed in defoliated and control trees. All defoliated trees refoliated, but decreasingly with later defoliation. Defoliation caused an acceleration in the rate of primordia initiation in terminal shoot apices. After early season defoliations, the developing buds in the axils of the removed leaves abscissed, but axillary and terminal buds on the refoliated terminal shoots survived through winter. In late season defoliation, most buds of refoliated shoots did not survive and the next year's growth depended on axillary buds formed prior to defoliation. Thus, when progressing from early to late defoliations, the next year's shoot growth depended decreasingly on the last-formed and increasingly on the first-formed portions of the previous year's shoot. Early October starch concentration in xylem decreased with later defoliation and was nearly absent in shoots and roots of trees defoliated in late July. There was not, however, a corresponding decrease in sap sugar concentration. Mortality occurred only in late defoliated trees and was associated with starch depletion.

scholarly journals Soil Applied Paclobutrazol Affects Root Growth, Shoot Growth, and Water Potential of American Elm Seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Shoot Weight

Abstract Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a gibberrellin biosynthesis inhibiting plant growth regulator, was applied as a soil drench to potted American elm (Ulmus americana L.) seedlings in three greenhouse experiments. All plants were grown for one season in a #SP5 container and then transplanted to a larger #5 container before PBZ application in order to simulate planting in the landscape. In a test of the effects of PBZ on growth, a rate of 1.0 mg per plant reduced new shoot weight, shoot extension, and root weight (75, 38 and 63 percent, respectively) compared to controls, but new root elongation was unaffected. Root pruning, similar to that which occurs when transplanting fieldgrown nursery stock, resulted in a greater decrease in shoot growth from PBZ treatment at the moderate rate of 1.0 mg per plant, but for a shorter period of time, compared to non-root pruned, PBZ-treated plants. Shoot growth on all plants was unaffected by 0.5 mg PBZ, per plant. Shoot growth was greatly reduced on both root pruned and non-root pruned plants at 2.0 mg PBZ per plant. After 10 weeks of drought stress, stem water potential of elms treated with 1.0 mg PBZ per plant was the same as that of the well watered controls, whereas the stem water potential of drought-stressed elms lacking a PBZ treatment was significantly lower (more negative). These effects of PBZ may be able to aid in the establishment of newly planted trees.

Stimulation of flowering by grafted black spruce and white spruce: a comparative study of the effects of gibberellin A4/7, cultural treatments, and environment

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Greenwood ◽  
Gregory W. Adams ◽  
Michele Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Female Flowering ◽  
Chilling Treatment ◽  
Stimulation Of

Flower stimulation treatments, including gibberellin A4/7 (GA4/7) application, root-pruning, and greenhouse environment during the latter part of shoot elongation, were applied to grafted, clonal black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) of roughly the same size and age. In addition, the size of pot-grown ramets of both species was increased by inducing additional growth cycles by several applications of a chilling treatment followed by an 18-h photoperiod in a heated greenhouse. This treatment doubled the height growth of both species over a 2-year period, and female cone bud production was promoted by GA4/7. GA4/7 also promoted female flowering on field-grown material, but root-pruning had little effect; black spruce was more responsive to GA4/7 (10× increase) than white spruce (3× increase). Male flowering in black spruce was consistently, and sometimes significantly, inhibited by GA4/7, but was promoted in white spruce. In the latter case the response was not statistically significant. In contrast, male flowering was increased in potted trees of both species by allowing shoots to elongate 50–75% outdoors, after which the trees were moved into a greenhouse.

Effect of applied growth regulators and cultural treatments on flowering and shoot growth of Pinustabulaeformis

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuxing Sheng ◽  
Shasheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Vegetative Shoot ◽  
Female Cone ◽  
Male Cone ◽  
Female Flowering ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Stem Girdling ◽  
Hormonal Treatments

Fourteen treatments expected to promote and regulate flowering were administered to 7-year-old seedlings of Chinese pine (Pinustabulaeformis Carr.), and three were administered to 11-year-old grafted propagules. The cultural treatments, including root pruning, stem girdling, polyethylene mulching, and injection of gibberellin A3 (GA3) significantly increased male cone bud production of the young seedlings. For female flowering, however, only GA4 injection, alone and in combination with root pruning, had a statistically significant positive effect. N6-benzyladenine (BA) injection significantly decreased both male and female cone-bud production. There was no synergistic effect between the cultural and the hormonal treatments on flowering of the seedlings. Treatments with naphthaleneacetic acid dramatically enhanced male cone bud production of the grafted propagules, but did so at the expense of female cone bud production. The hormonal treatments (GA3, GA4, and BA injection) all promoted vegetative shoot growth of the treated seedlings. The cultural treatments generally inhibited shoot length growth and had no significant effect on diameter growth.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF WIND SPEED ON CARBON ASSIMILATION, WATER RELATIONS, AND GROWTH OF YOUNG CARAMBOLA AND SUGAR APPLE TREES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 579f-579
Author(s):  
J.H. Crane ◽  
B. Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
High Wind ◽  
Annona Squamosa ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
And Control

The effect of wind stress on growth, net CO2 assimilation (A), and leaf water potential of eighteen-month-old, containerized carambola (Averrhoa carambola cv. Arkin) and seedling sugar apple (Annona squamosa) trees was investigated. In a glasshouse, trees were exposed to fan-generated wind speeds of 0 (control), 4 (low wind; LW), or 7 (high wind; HW) m sec-1 for 4 hr/day (1000-1400 hr) for 30 days. No differences in A, stomatal conductance, transpiration, and fresh and dry wt of mature carambola or sugar apple leaves or shoots were observed among treatments. In contrast, as wind speed increased, fresh wt of immature carambola leaves and shoots decreased. For carambola and sugar apple, no significant relationship was found between mid-day leaf water potentials and wind speed. However, after 30 days, leaf water potential of carambola subjected to HW (-1.2 MPa) was lower than those of LW (-1.1 MPa) and control (-1.1 MPa) trees. For sugar apple, leaf water potential of control trees was generally higher than those of trees in the LW and HW treatments. The data indicate that exposure to wind speeds of 4 or 7 m sec-1 for as little as 4 hr/day for 30 days reduces new leaf and shoot growth of carambola trees.

scholarly journals Emergence and Shoot Growth of Cosmos and Marigold from Paclobutrazol-treated Seed

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wallace G. Pill ◽  
James A. Gunter
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Grade 5 ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
And Control

Abstract This study was conducted to determine whether treating seeds of ‘Sensation Mixed’ cosmos (Cosmos bipinnatus Cav.) and ‘Bonanza Gold’ marigold (Tagetes patula L.) with paclobutrazol (PB) could suppress seedling growth. Seeds were soaked in solutions of 0, 500 or 1000 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) for 16 hours at 25C (77F) or they were primed [−0.5 MPa (−5 bars) for 7 days at 20C (68F)] in Grade 5 exfoliated vermiculite moistened with 0, 500 or 1000 ppm PB solltuions. Soaked and primed seeds were dried for 1 day at 19C (65F) and 25% relative humidity. These seeds and control (non-treated) seeds were sown into plug cells containing peat-lite. Increasing PB concentration decreased cosmos shoot height at 32 days after planting (DAP), but decreased emergence percentage, responses that were more pronounced with priming than with soaking. A 1 ppm PB growth medium drench [30 ml/cell(0.2 mg PB/cell)] and, to a greater extent a 10 mg PB/liter (ppm PB) shoot spray [2 ml/shoot (0.02 mg PB/shoot)], both applied at 10 DAP, resulted in greater cosmos shoot height suppression at 32 DAP than treatment of seeds with 1000 ppm PB. Soaking marigold seeds in 1000 ppm PB failed to decrease shoot height below those of plants from non-treated seeds at 32 DAP. However, exposure to 1000 ppm PB during priming of marigold seeds resulted in a similar shoot height suppression (13%) as the growth medium drench, and similar shoot dry weight reduction (21%) as the shoot spray. Suppression of shoot growth by this seed treatment was short-term since by five weeks after transplanting into 15 cm (6 in) pots, only marigold plants that had received the growth medium drench or shoot spray were smaller than those of control plants. Treating marigold seeds with 1000 mg ppm PB used about one-fifth the PB used to drench the growth medium.

scholarly journals Phytoremediation as a Prospective Method for Rehabilitation of Areas Contaminated by Long-Term Sewage Sludge Storage: The Greek Experience

2017 ◽  
pp. 836-853
Author(s):  
N. Suchkova ◽  
E. Darakas ◽  
J. Ganoulis ◽  
Y. Vergeles
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Samples

In this work the suitability of several plant species for phytoremediation under natural and artificially installed conditions was studied. Brassica napus, Medicago sativa, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, and Hordeum vulgare were grown in pots with sewage sludge from Sindos Main WWTP in Thessaloniki and from Sindos Industrial WWTP in Thessaloniki, Greece. The first series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters for the above mentioned plants and the sludge to those for control samples (the same plants growing in compost). It was shown that shoot growth was less reduced in T. aestivum and H. vulgare than in the other plant species studied. B. napus had lower germination tax, followed by M. sativa with the lowest germination tax. Generally B. napus, giving less biomass production than Z. mays and T. aestivum, is characterised by a higher ability to accumulate heavy metals like Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, As and Hg. The second series of experiments included comparing measurements of various parameters of B. napus grown in sludge and treated each 7 days with metal solutions of Ni, Zn and Pb containing 10-2mg/l, 10-4mg/l, 10-6mg/l of each metal, to those for control plants treated with double distilled water. Results showed that shoot growth of B. napus were increased at treatments with lower concentrations of metals (10-6 mg/l) and control (treatment with d-distilled water). At the same time uptake of metal ions was increased with the concentration of the solution, i.e. at higher concentrations (10-2 mg/l). It is truly for Pb and Zn, transfer coefficient TC of which (indicates a plant’s potential to concentrate a metal) was quite high 15 % and 7 % correspondingly. It was noticed that B. napus has high ability to accumulate Cr, from the other hand it did not accumulate Ni (at present case).

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document