Acclimation of cold-stored jack pine and white spruce seedlings: effect of soil temperature on water relation patterns

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
Terence J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Stomatal Opening ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Cold-stored jack pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings were planted in a controlled environmental chamber providing an air temperature of 22 °C and soil temperatures of 22, 16, or 10 °C. After 21 days, observation of root growth for white spruce seedlings was limited at all soil temperatures, whereas jack pine seedlings showed limited root growth at a soil temperature of 10 °C but not at 22 °C. During 21 days of observation after removal from cold storage, stomatal response patterns changed during the transition phase from darkness to first light. Jack pine seedlings showed increasing stomatal opening at first light with greater stomatal opening for seedlings in the 22 °C root-temperature treatment, while all white spruce seedlings exhibited a greater stomatal closure during darkness. In both species, seedlings at lower soil temperatures experienced greater initial water stress than seedlings at higher soil temperatures, the difference being associated with a greater water-flow resistance through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (SPAC). In both species, xylem pressure potentials increased with time at all temperatures; a change attributable to a decline in water-flow resistance through the SPAC. The decline in water-flow resistance was possibly due to either a change in the permeability of older suberized roots or, as in jack pine at the higher soil temperature, a significantly greater development of new unsuberized white roots.

Influence of flooding and soil temperature on the water relations and morphological development of cold-stored black spruce and white spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 821-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Pressure Potential ◽  
Xylem Pressure Potential ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Flow Through

Fall-lifted, cold-stored black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S. P.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings [Formula: see text] were planted in a controlled environmental chamber with an air temperature of 20 °C, soil temperatures of 10 or 20 °C, and flooded or nonflooded soil treatments. Stomatal conductance (gwv) was lower in flooded seedlings compared with nonflooded seedlings for both black spruce and white spruce seedlings. Black spruce seedlings drained after 14 days of flooding showed gwv similar to nonflooded seedlings, while drained white spruce seedlings had gwv patterns greater than nonflooded seedlings. White spruce seedlings had diurnal xylem pressure potential (ψx) patterns slightly more negative in the flooded treatment compared with the nonflooded treatment. Measured predawn ψx was found to be more negative in flooded seedlings compared with nonflooded seedlings in both black spruce and white spruce. In both species, flooded seedlings 1 day out of cold storage had a greater resistance to water flow through the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum (RSPAC) compared with non-flooded seedlings. After 21 days out of cold storage, rspac decreased in nonflooded seedlings of both species, while flooded seedlings of both species had high RSPAC values. For both black spruce and white spruce seedlings, flooded soils inhibited root growth, while low soil temperatures resulted in a reduction in root growth in nonflooded seedlings. Shoot growth of white spruce seedlings was not influenced by 21 days of flooding or low soil temperature, while the combination of 21 days of flooding and low soil temperature in black spruce seedlings resulted in less shoot development compared with nonflooded seedlings.

Environmental and physiological control of needle conductance for bare-root black spruce, white spruce, and jack pine seedlings on boreal cutover sites

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
Terence J. Blake
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Bare Root

A study was conducted to examine the influence of environmental conditions of boreal cutover sites on plant water status and needle conductance of newly planted bare-root black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings. As absolute humidity deficit between the needles and air (AHD) increased, xylem pressure potentials (ψx) became most negative in black spruce, intermediate in white spruce, and least negative in jack pine seedlings. Needle conductance (gwv) was strongly related to AHD in all three species, with increasing AHD resulting in a decrease in gwv. However, at low levels of AHD, gwv values for black and white spruce seedlings were approximately 50 and 25% higher, respectively, than those for jack pine seedlings. For black and white spruce seedlings, gwv decreased as ψx became more negative, while jack pine gwv responded to more negative ψx with a threshold for stomatal closure at approximately −1.7 MPa. In all three species, increasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) resulted in greater gwv at all AHD levels. However, at high AHD levels, gwv, response to PAR was suppressed. The findings of this study indicate species differences in physiological response to atmospheric conditions under nonlimiting soil moisture conditions. The implications for successful reforestation are discussed.

Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Craig Sutherland ◽  
Robert J. Day
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Production Phase ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Survival And Growth

Abstract This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.

EFFECT OF SOIL WATER AND TEMPERATURE ON CORN (Zea mays L.) ROOT GROWTH DURING EMERGENCE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. CUTFORTH ◽  
C. F. SHAYKEWICH ◽  
C. M. CHO
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents

Root growth between germination and emergence for the corn hybrids Pioneer 3995, Northrup King 403 and Pride 1108 was studied. Soil temperatures of 15, 19, 25 and 30.5 °C and a range of soil water contents were used. Decreases in soil temperature and water content both decreased root growth rate. Sensitivity to water content decreased with decreasing soil temperature. All three hybrids responded to soil temperature in the same way. By contrast, Pioneer 3995 was less sensitive to soil water stress than was Northrup King 403, while Pride 1108 was the most sensitive. Key words: Soil water, soil temperature, root growth (early), corn

The effect of ectomycorrhizae on water relations in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) at low soil temperatures

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 684-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M Landhäusser ◽  
Tawfik M Muhsin ◽  
Janusz J Zwiazek
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Root Hydraulic Conductance ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Low soil temperatures, common during the growing season in northern forests, have the potential to impede plant growth. In this study, water uptake, water relations, and growth characteristics were examined in aspen (Populus tremuloides) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings that were inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and grown at 20°C daytime air temperatures and low soil temperatures of 4°C and 8°C. Mycorrhizal associations had little effect on root and shoot biomass at both soil temperatures. Root hydraulic conductance (Kr) was higher in both mycorrhizal plant species compared to nonmycorrhizal plants, but there was no soil temperature effect on Kr in either species. Mycorrhizae also increased shoot water potential (Ψw) in Populus tremuloides but had no effect on Ψw in Picea glauca. The increases in Kr and Ψw were not reflected by changes in stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rates (E), suggesting that the reduction of water flow in seedlings exposed to low soil temperature was not likely the factor limiting gs in both plant species.Key words: boreal forest, root hydraulic conductance, root growth, stomatal conductance, water uptake.

scholarly journals Root and shoot phenology and root longevity of Norway spruce saplings grown at different soil temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1441-1452
Author(s):  
Jouni Kilpeläinen ◽  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Tarja Lehto ◽  
Leena Finér ◽  
Pedro J. Aphalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Shoot Phenology

Tree roots comprise a huge carbon pool. Their dynamics are driven by environmental factors and thereby affected by climate change. We studied the effects of soil temperature on root and shoot phenology and their linkages in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Saplings were grown in controlled-environment rooms for three simulated growing seasons (GS1, GS2, and GS3). Soil-temperature treatments of 9, 13, 18, and 21 °C were applied during GS2. Root growth was monitored with minirhizotrons and commenced in all treatments simultaneously. Temporal growth patterns of short and long roots were usually bimodal. Root growth was very low during the coldest treatment of GS2 but increased during GS3 as an aftereffect. During GS3, growth of short roots continued later after colder treatments than warmer treatments. Reduced sink strength of roots and increased carbohydrate accumulation into needles at 9 °C during GS2 probably enabled compensatory root growth under restored temperatures during GS3. Soil temperature did not affect shoot phenology, and root and shoot phenology varied between growing seasons; thus, the linkage of root and shoot phenology was inconsistent. In warmer soil, root longevity was shorter and turnover rate was higher than in colder soil. This can further affect soil carbon dynamics and ecosystem carbon cycling in boreal forest ecosystems.

Influences of Soil Temperature on Reproduction of Curly Dock

Weed Science ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-204
Author(s):  
M. A. Maun ◽  
P. B. Cavers
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Rumex Crispus ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Mature Seeds

Plants of curly dock (Rumex crispus L.) were subjected to soil temperatures of 10, 15, 26, and 35 C in a growth chamber. A soil temperature of 10 C was most favorable for root growth and production of large seeds. The highest yields of seeds and fruit were obtained at 26 C. Significant reductions in seed and fruit production, wt per 100 seeds, plant height, and growth rate occurred at 35 C. The total germination of mature seeds was not affected by soil temperature, but the seeds ripened at 26 and 35 C germinated faster than those from the 10 and 15 C treatments.

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