EFFECT OF SOIL WATER AND TEMPERATURE ON CORN (Zea mays L.) ROOT GROWTH DURING EMERGENCE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. CUTFORTH ◽  
C. F. SHAYKEWICH ◽  
C. M. CHO
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Rate Sensitivity ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Soil Water Stress ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents

Root growth between germination and emergence for the corn hybrids Pioneer 3995, Northrup King 403 and Pride 1108 was studied. Soil temperatures of 15, 19, 25 and 30.5 °C and a range of soil water contents were used. Decreases in soil temperature and water content both decreased root growth rate. Sensitivity to water content decreased with decreasing soil temperature. All three hybrids responded to soil temperature in the same way. By contrast, Pioneer 3995 was less sensitive to soil water stress than was Northrup King 403, while Pride 1108 was the most sensitive. Key words: Soil water, soil temperature, root growth (early), corn

The Effects of Temperature and Humidity on a Field Population of Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1927-1932
Author(s):  
Cai-hua Shi ◽  
Jing-rong Hu ◽  
You-jun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Beijing City ◽  
Drought Treatment ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Abstract The production of Chinese chives is reduced throughout China due to a root-feeding dipteran pest Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang (Diptera: Sciaridae), therefore deciphering the conditions influencing its growth and development are important in developing ecological control strategies. A study was conducted from 2014 to 2017 to determine the relationship between the abundance of B. odoriphaga and temperature (atmospheric and soil), soil water content, and atmospheric humidity in a Chinese chive field in Beijing City, China. Numbers of adults peaked in March and October to November and were lowest in July to August and December to next February; numbers of larvae were highest in December to next February and lowest in July to August. From 2014 to 2017, the numbers of adults and larvae were significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric temperatures and soil temperatures, but were not significantly correlated with monthly mean atmospheric relative humidity and soil water content. However, for both adults and larvae, numbers were significantly greater with high soil water contents compared with drought treatment. The results of this study suggest that the very low soil water contents, high atmospheric temperatures, and high soil temperatures were critical for regulating field populations of B. odoriphaga.

scholarly journals How do Soil Moisture and Vegetation Covers Influence Soil Temperature in Drylands of Mediterranean Regions?

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Lozano-Parra ◽  
Manuel Pulido ◽  
Carlos Lozano-Fondón ◽  
Susanne Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Tree Canopies ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Interactions between land and atmosphere directly influence hydrometeorological processes and, therefore, the local climate. However, because of heterogeneity of vegetation covers these feedbacks can change over small areas, becoming more complex. This study aims to define how the interactions between soil moisture and vegetation covers influence soil temperatures in very water-limited environments. In order to do that, soil water content and soil temperature were continuously monitored with a frequency of 30 min over two and half hydrological years, using capacitance and temperature sensors that were located in open grasslands and below tree canopies. The study was carried out on three study areas located in drylands of Mediterranean climate. Results highlighted the importance of soil moisture and vegetation cover in modifying soil temperatures. During daytime and with low soil moisture conditions, daily maximum soil temperatures were, on average, 7.1 °C lower below tree canopies than in the air, whereas they were 4.2 °C higher in grasslands than in the air. As soil wetness decreased, soil temperature increased, although this effect was significantly weaker below tree canopies than in grasslands. Both high soil water content and the effect of shading were reflected in a decrease of maximum soil temperatures and of their daily amplitudes. Statistical analysis emphasized the influence of soil temperature on soil water reduction, regardless of vegetation cover. If soil moisture deficits become more frequent due to climate change, variations in soil temperature could increase, affecting hydrometeorological processes and local climate.

The uptake of zinc-65 by oats in relation to soil water content and root growth

Soil Research ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
EKS Nambiar
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
65Zn Uptake ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Water Contents

Effects of water content of the topsoil on root growth and 65Zn absorption by oats were measured. Seminal roots of oats grew through a labelled uptake layer that had been initially wetted to various water contents. The uptake layer was separated from adjacent layers of wet sand or soil by a thin layer of wax. When the uptake layer was wetted initially and allowed to dry during the uptake period, water content affected root growth and 65Zn uptake similarly. 65Zn absorption by unbranched seminal roots decreased linearly as soil water suction increased from 0.3 to 5 bar. Nevertheless significant amounts of 65Zn were absorbed (40% of that from wet soil) even when the soil water suction exceeded 15 bar, with negligible concomitant uptake of water. Provided the roots had access to water in a subjacent layer, rates of 65Zn absorption from dry soil increased with the age of the plants. The exudation of mucilage from the root was enhanced locally where the soil was dry. The mucilage may facilitate the transfer of zinc to the root in dry soil.

Prediction of evaporation with the CONSEVB simulation-model - an experimental evaluation

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
HP Cresswell ◽  
DJ Painter ◽  
KC Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Moisture Characteristic ◽  
Water Contents

The CONSERVB simulation model was evaluated by comparing predictions of evaporation, net radiation, and water and temperature profiles with measured values from a bare, tilled soil in New Zealand conditions. No model calibration was used whatsoever. The assessment included tests of the sensitivity of output to variations (uncertainty) in input parameters. On 18 of the 24 days simulated, evaporation was within 0.5 mm day-1 of the measured means, although that represented less than 20% error on only 6 days. The mean difference between measured and simulated surface soil temperature for the two drying cycles was 1.2 and 1.3�C; most of this error occurred in warm conditions around noon each day. Simulated soil temperature at 0.05 m exceeded measured values during the warmest parts of the day and fell below them at night. Soil temperature prediction was sensitive to the air temperature and solar radiation climatic inputs. Evaporation prediction was sensitive to initial profile water contents, to the soil moisture characteristic and to the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity inputs. An increase in the water content at each matric potential step in the soil moisture characteristic input by a factor of 1.10 resulted in an increase in simulated cumulative evaporation of over 40%. For the prediction of evaporation and soil water content, field effort in the measurement of the soil hydraulic properties and initial water contents (where simulations are short) for model parameterization is likely to give the highest cost-benefit. Very accurate determinations of these input parameters and functions are required for model evaluation. Given the sensitivities, and the uncertainties associated with measurement and prediction of model input parameters, the predictions from CONSERVB have large uncertainties associated with them. Field-measured values of cumulative evaporation were within the range of variation in predicted values that resulted from uncertainty in determination of initial soil water contents alone. CONSERVB is more applicable to an operations research modelling approach than to prediction of evaporation and surface water contents in specific conditions.

scholarly journals Infiltration into Frozen Silty Clay Loam Soil with Different Soil Water Contents in the Red River of the North Basin in the USA

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjit Roy ◽  
Xinhua Jia ◽  
Dean D. Steele ◽  
Xuefeng Chu ◽  
Zhulu Lin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Frozen Soil ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Infiltration Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
Water Contents

Predicting surface runoff and flooding in seasonally frozen areas such as the Red River of the North Basin (RRB) in USA is a challenging task. It depends on the knowledge of the complex process of infiltration in frozen soil, such as phase changes of water, ice content and distribution in the infiltration zone (the top 0–30 cm of the soil profile), soil pore size distribution, soil temperature and freeze–thaw cycles. In this study, the infiltration rates into frozen soil (Colvin silty clay loam according to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Classification, and Chernozem according to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) international soil Classification) were measured at three different initial water contents: permanent wilting point (PWP), θpwp; field capacity (FC), θfc; and between FC and PWP, θmid. Laboratory infiltration experiments were conducted using a Cornell sprinkle infiltrometer with three replications for each initial water content. Volumetric soil water content (θv) and soil temperature at three depths were also continuously monitored using sensors. The average infiltration rates were 0.66, 0.38, and 0.59 cm/min for three initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). Initial infiltration into frozen soil occurred quickly in the soil with θpwp because the soil was dry. Melted ice water contributed to the total soil water content over time, so it made the initial infiltration comparatively slower in the soil with θmid. Initial infiltration was also slower in the soil with θfc because the wet soil had very small pore space, so the soil rapidly reached its saturation after the infiltration started. The Horton infiltration equation was fitted with the observed infiltration rates for the soils with three initial water contents, and the goodness of fit was evaluated by using the coefficient of determination (R2) and the root-mean-square error (RMSE). The final infiltration rates from the fitted Horton equations were 0.060, 0.010, and 0.027 cm/min for the initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The soil water content along the soil profile changed with the amount of infiltrating water over time. However, the initial soil water content and melt water from ice resulting from soil temperature rise regulated the change in soil water content. The amount of ice melt water contribution to soil water content change varied among the soils with different initial water contents (θpwp, θmid, and θfc, respectively). The θv changed gradually in the θpwp soil, rapidly at 0 °C in the θmid soil, and less in the θfc soil. The change in pore distribution due to freeze–thaw cycles and soil packing altered the soil hydraulic properties and the infiltration into the soil. This study can provide critical information for flood forecasting model and subsurface drainage design in the RRB.

scholarly journals Comments on “Estimating Soil Water Contents from Soil Temperature Measurements by Using an Adaptive Kalman Filter”

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 546-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun Yang ◽  
Toshio Koike
Keyword(s):  
Kalman Filter ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Thermal Parameter ◽  
Monotonic Function ◽  
Temperature Measurements ◽  
Adaptive Kalman Filter ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract A scheme was proposed by Zhang et al. to estimate soil water content from soil temperature measurements by using an adaptive Kalman filter. Their scheme is based on the fact that soil heat capacity and thermal conductivity are a monotonic function of soil water content. However, thermal diffusivity, a more critical thermal parameter in such an estimation, is not a monotonic function of soil water content in most cases. This could result in multiple solutions in some cases when deriving soil water content from soil temperatures.

Studies on the behavior and survival of Phytophthora cactorum in soil

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sneh ◽  
D. L. McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Germ Tube ◽  
Phytophthora Cactorum ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents ◽  
Germ Tube Elongation

Sporangia and oospores of P. cactorum persisted for appreciable periods in soil at temperatures and soil water contents likely to prevail during a growing season.Mycelium lysed more rapidly as soil water content and temperature increased. Hyphae were not viable after 3 days incubation in wet soil at 29 °C but survived for at least 45 days at 4 °C.At soil water contents higher than 3.0 bars suction and at soil temperatures above 10 °C sporangia appeared on mycelium buried in soil. When soil moisture was reduced to 3.0 bars suction and temperature to 10 °C, oogonia were formed.Longevity of sporangia was reduced by increasing soil water content above 0.3 bars suction. Glucose added to soil induced germination of sporangia and germ tube elongation, while asparagine inhibited germination.Sporangia and oospores but not mycelium survived freezing temperatures in moist soil. Sporangia could not be recovered from soil which had been allowed to dry. Some oospores germinated after drying.

THE RESPONSE OF EIGHT CORN (Zea mays L.) HYBRIDS TO ZERO TILLAGE IN MANITOBA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. WALL ◽  
E. H. STOBBE
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Tillage Practice ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Delayed Emergence ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Studies were undertaken in 1980 and 1981 to determine whether selected corn hybrids varied in suitability for zero tillage cropping in Manitoba. Zero tillage resulted in reduced maximum soil temperatures at all depths examined. Delayed emergence, silking and maturity, and reduced plant dry weights and final plant populations were observed under zero tillage. The hybrids exhibited a differential response to tillage practice in the weight of grain produced per ear.Key words: Corn hybrids, zero tillage, soil temperature

Assessing corn seedbed conditions for emergence

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dwyer ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
R. de Jong ◽  
M. Tollenaar
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Time Domain ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Stand Establishment ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Water Contents ◽  
Soil Water Contents

Seedbed temperature and moisture conditions affect crop emergence rate and stand establishment. A 4 × 4 factorial experiment arranged in a split plot design with four replications was conducted for 3 yr at four sites to measure corn emergence rate and stand establishment while monitoring seedbed temperature and soil water content in situ. Four planting dates, beginning as early as the soil could be worked and every 10 d thereafter, were the main plots and four corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids the subplots. Volumetric soil water content in the top 0.10 m was measured a minimum of two times per week using time domain reflectometry (TDR) and estimated daily using a budget model. Measured and estimated soil water contents were similar (R2 = 0.73) and daily estimated values were used in the analysis. Stand establishment for most planting date-site-years ranged from 80 to 99%. Less than 15% of planting date-site-years had stands below 80%, and they were characterized by soil temperatures at or below 12.5°C combined with high soil water contents (>90% available water). Rate of emergence was not associated with stand establishment (P > 0.10) and could not be predicted from soil temperatures below 12.5°C. Results suggest that reduction in stand establishment under conditions of low (12.5°C) soil temperature and high (>field capacity) soil water content may be a factor in corn yield reductions associated with reduced or no tillage. Key words: Time domain reflectometry, soil water content, soil temperature, maize

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