Wound-induced changes of resin acid concentrations in living bark of Scots pine seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rolf Gref ◽  
Anders Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Resin Acid ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Climate Chamber ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
One Year

One-year-old Pinussylvestris (L.) seedlings were wounded at the stem base by stripping off stem bark pieces of approximately 10 mm in length and covering about 50% of the stem circumference. The seedlings were thereafter planted out in the field or in a climate chamber. The field experiment was repeated on four different planting dates. Wounded and control seedlings were successively harvested for gas chromatographic determination of changes in resin acid concentrations of the bark surrounding the wounded area. Independent of planting date, wounded seedlings were found to have higher concentrations of total resin acids than corresponding controls. The most important quantitative changes in resin acids were observed for isopimaric, levopimaric + palustric, dehydroabietie, abietic, and neoabietic acid. In wounded seedlings the concentration of dehydroabietic acid showed the most significant increase, both in the field and in climate chamber experiments. This increase was rapid and appeared within 1 week in the field and within 3 days in the climate chamber. The other resin acids identified showed a somewhat similar variation pattern, but the differences were not as distinct as for dehydroabietic acid. These wound-induced rapid changes in resin acid concentrations could be important for resistance to pathogens.

Resin acid degradation by bacterial strains grown on CTMP effluent

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
P. A. Bicho ◽  
C. Breuil ◽  
J. N. Saddler ◽  
S. N. Liss
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents ◽  
Chemithermomechanical Pulping

All resin acids are diterpenoid carboxylic acids that are components of softwood extractives and they are known to contribute to much of the toxicity of pulp mill effluents. Although biological treatment systems can efficiently remove resin acids during normal operating conditions, resin acid breakthroughs occasionally occur. Recently we isolated five bacterial strains from bleach kraft effluents that degrade dehydroabietic acid (DHA), a resin acid commonly found in effluents. In this study we examined the ability of two bacterial strains (BKME 5 and BKME 9) to grow on chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent and degrade DHA. Both of the strains could grow on CTMP effluents, but did not degrade DHA. COD measurement showed that both strains used other organic substrates in CTMP effluent. When nutrients (NH4⊕, PO43−, minerals and vitamins) were added to the effluent, both growth and DHA degradation increased significantly. The strains used DHA and other organic sources in the CTMP effluent simultaneously. The stimulated growth resulting from use of other organic material did not increase the rate of DHA degradation. It was found that ammonium played an important role in the DHA degradation of both strains. Without added ammonium, DHA degradation did not occur. Other nutrients also played important roles in DHA degradation by BKME 9.

Isolation and characterization of thermophilic bacteria capable of degrading dehydroabietic acid

1999 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongtang Yu ◽  
William W Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Thermophilic Bacteria ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Continuous Enrichment

Using a semi-continuous enrichment method, we isolated two thermophilic bacterial strains, which could completely degrade abietane resin acids, including dehydroabietic acid (DhA). Strain DhA-73, isolated from a laboratory-scale bioreactor treating bleached kraft mill effluent at 55°C, grew on DhA as sole carbon source; while DhA-71, isolated from municipal compost, required dilute tryptic soy broth for growth on DhA. DhA-71 grew on DhA from 30°C to 60°C with maximum growth at 50°C; while, DhA-73 grew on DhA from 37°C to 60°C with maximum growth at 55°C. At 55°C, the doubling times for DhA-71 and DhA-73 were 3.3 and 3.7 h, respectively. DhA-71 and DhA-73 had growth yields of 0.26 and 0.19 g of protein per g of DhA, respectively. During growth on DhA, both strains converted DhA to CO2, biomass, and dissolved organic carbon. Analyses of the 16S-rDNA sequences of these two strains suggest that they belong to two new genera in theRubrivivax subgroup of the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria. Strains DhA-71 and DhA-73 are the first two bacteria isolated and characterized that are capable of biodegradation of resin acids at high temperatures. This study provided direct evidence for biodegradation of resin acids and feasibility for biotreatment of pulp mill effluent at elevated temperatures.Key words: biodegradation, resin acid, semi-continuous enrichment, thermophiles.

scholarly journals Microbial Conversion of Toxic Resin Acids

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Luchnikova ◽  
Kseniya M. Ivanova ◽  
Ekaterina V. Tarasova ◽  
Victoria V. Grishko ◽  
Irina B. Ivshina
Keyword(s):  
Paper Industry ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Microbial Transformation ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Fundamental Interest ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Living Organisms

Organic wood extractives—resin acids—significantly contribute to an increase in the toxicity level of pulp and paper industry effluents. Entering open ecosystems, resin acids accumulate and have toxic effects on living organisms, which can lead to the ecological imbalance. Among the most effective methods applied to neutralize these ecotoxicants is enzymatic detoxification using microorganisms. A fundamental interest in the in-depth study of the oxidation mechanisms of resin acids and the search for their key biodegraders is increasing every year. Compounds from this group receive attention because of the need to develop highly effective procedures of resin acid removal from pulp and paper effluents and also the possibility to obtain their derivatives with pronounced pharmacological effects. Over the past fifteen years, this is the first report analyzing the data on distribution, the impacts on living organisms, and the microbial transformation of resin acids. Using the example of dehydroabietic acid—the dominant compound of resin acids in effluents—the review discusses the features of interactions between microorganisms and this pollutant and also highlights the pathways and main products of resin acid bioconversion.

Inability of Resin Acid Exposure to Elevate EROD Activity in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Ferguson ◽  
M.R. Servos ◽  
K.R. Munkittrick ◽  
J. Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Erod Activity ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Pulp Mills ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mills ◽  
Rosin Gum

Abstract The induction of mixed function oxygenase enzymes, including ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD), has been reported in fish downstream of bleached kraft mills in both Scandinavia and Canada. The compound(s) responsible have not been identified. Several experiments were conducted to determine if resin acids can induce EROD activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Interperitoneal injections (i.p.) of dehydroabietic and abietic acid (50 mg/kg) did not elevate EROD activity after 2, 4 or 10 days. Dehydroabietic acid i.p. at 500 mg/kg did not increase EROD activity after 4 days. A mixture of ten resin acids i.p. at 370 mg/kg or water borne exposure at 100 µg/L did not induce EROD after 4, 8, or 16 days. Rosin gum i.p. at 370 mg/kg also did not induce EROD. These results suggest that resin acids are not the compounds primarily responsible for EROD induction below bleached kraft pulp mills.

Distribution of Dehydroabietic Acid in Sediments Adjacent to a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 838-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Brownlee ◽  
M. E. Fox ◽  
W. M. J. Strachan ◽  
S. R. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Water Column ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill

Sediments adjacent to a kraft pulp and paper mill on western Nipigon Bay, Lake Superior, were examined for resin acids. Dehydroabietic acid was the predominant resin acid with surficial concentrations of less than 5–100 μg/g.The areal distribution indicated the mill to be the primary source of this compound. Depth profiles of the acid and core dating by 210Pb methods enabled the calculation of a mean sediment accumulation rate of 0.11 cm∙yr−1 and a half-life for the disappearance of dehydroabietic acid in the sediments of approximately 21 yr. A half-life of 0.12 yr was estimated for this compound in the water column. It appears, therefore, that the primary removal mechanism of dehydroabietic acid is degradation in the water column.

Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenases in conifer genomes: discovery of members of the terpenoid oxygenase superfamily in spruce and pine

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hamberger ◽  
J. Bohlmann
Keyword(s):  
Cytochrome P450 ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Expressed Sequence Tag ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Full Length Sequence ◽  
Diterpene Resin Acids

Diterpene resin acids, together with monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, are the most prominent defence chemicals in conifers. These compounds belong to the large group of structurally diverse terpenoids formed by enzymes known as terpenoid synthases. CYPs (cytochrome P450-dependent mono-oxygenases) can further increase the structural diversity of these terpenoids. While most terpenoids are characterized as specialized or secondary metabolites, some terpenoids, such as the phytohormones GA (gibberellic acid), BRs (brassinosteroids) and ABA (abscisic acid), have essential functions in plant growth and development. To date, very few CYP genes involved in conifer terpenoid metabolism have been functionally characterized and were limited to two systems, yew (Taxus) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). The characterized yew CYP genes are involved in taxol diterpene biosynthesis, while the only characterized pine terpenoid CYP gene is part of DRA (diterpene resin acid) biosynthesis. These CYPs from yew and pine are members of two apparently conifer-specific CYP families within the larger CYP85 clan, one of four plant CYP multifamily clans. Other CYP families within the CYP85 clan were characterized from a variety of angiosperms with functions in terpenoid phytohormone metabolism of GA, BR, and ABA. The recent development of EST (expressed sequence tag) and FLcDNA (where FL is full-length) sequence databases and cDNA collections for species of two conifers, spruce (Picea) and pine, allows for the discovery of new terpenoid CYPs in gymnosperms by means of large-scale sequence mining, phylogenetic analysis and functional characterization. Here, we present a snapshot of conifer CYP data mining, discovery of new conifer CYPs in all but one family within the CYP85 clan, and suggestions for their functional characterization. This paper will focus on the discovery of conifer CYPs associated with diterpene metabolism and CYP with possible functions in the formation of GA, BR, and ABA in conifers.

Relationship between cortical resin acids and resistance of Sitka spruce to the white pine weevil

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth S. Tomlin ◽  
John H. Borden ◽  
Harold D. Pierce Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Pissodes Strobi ◽  
Pine Weevil ◽  
White Pine Weevil

Cortical resin acids were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively among 10 provenances and 11 genotypes of Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis Bong (Carr.), putatively resistant to the white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), and compared with susceptible trees. Trees in 5 of the 11 resistant genotypes had significantly greater amounts of cortical resin acid than susceptible trees. Of seven individual acids analyzed, pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, dehydroabietic, abietic, and neoabietic acid, but not palustric acid, were found in significantly greater amounts in trees from resistant than susceptible provenances. Eighteen percent of the variation in resin acid content could be accounted for by variation in the capacity of cortical resin ducts, indicating that the other 82% of variation is a result of differences in resin acid concentration in the resin. Trees with very high resin acid levels may have a greater capacity for resinosis than susceptible trees, may deter feeding, or may produce resin that is toxic to eggs and larvae. Canonical discriminant analysis revealed that several resistant clones, particularly two from the Kitwanga provenance, could be distinguished from others on the basis of their resin acid profiles. Because it separated trees on the basis of genotype, but not according to degree of resistance, canonical discriminant analysis may be more useful in "chemotyping" trees than in screening for resistance. Keywords: Picea, cortex, resin acids, Pissodes strobi, resistance.

Norway Spruce Balm: Phytochemical Composition and Ability to Enhance Re-epithelialization In Vitro

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (15) ◽  
pp. 1080-1088
Author(s):  
Thomas Goels ◽  
Elisabeth Eichenauer ◽  
Julia Langeder ◽  
Franziska Hoeller ◽  
Christina Sykora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Dehydroabietic Acid ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Flash Chromatography ◽  
Isopimaric Acid ◽  
Diterpene Resin Acids

AbstractThe balm of the Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a well-known traditional herbal medicine used to cure wounds. Even though clinical trials have confirmed its empirical use, the active constituents, their mode of action, and the exact composition of this natural product are still unknown. In this study, the balm was subjected to fractionated extraction and further purified employing flash chromatography, HPLC-PDA-ELSD, preparative and analytical TLC. Hydroxycinnamic acids ( 1– 3), the lignan pinoresinol ( 4), four hydroxylated derivatives of dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) ( 5 –  8), and dehydroabietic acid ( 9) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by LC-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR. Four extracts, two commercially available resin acids–pimaric acid ( 10) and isopimaric acid ( 11)–and the isolated compounds were tested for increased re-epithelialization of cell-free areas in a human adult low calcium high temperature keratinocytes monolayer. Lysophosphatidic acid (10 µM) served as positive control and ranged between 100% and 150% rise in cell-covered area related to the vehicle control. Two extracts containing carboxylic acids and non-acidic apolar constituents, respectively, boosted wound closure by 47% and 36% at 10 and 3 µg/mL, respectively. Pinoresinol, DHAA, three of its hydroxylated derivatives, and pimaric and isopimaric acid as well as defined combinations of the hydroxylated DHAA derivatives led to a significantly enhanced wound closure by up to 90% at concentrations between 1 and 10 µM. Overall, lignans and diterpene resin acids, main constituents of Norway spruce balm, are able to increase migration or proliferation of keratinocytes in vitro. The presented data link the phytochemistry of this natural wound healing agent with boosted re-epithelialization.

scholarly journals Chemical Composition of Natural Colophony from Pinus Brutia and Comparison with Synthetic Colophony

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet C. Gören ◽  
Gökhan Bilsel ◽  
Alp Hakan Öztürk ◽  
Gulaçtı Topçu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Pinus Brutia ◽  
Neoabietic Acid ◽  
Natural Resins ◽  
Main Components

The compositions of colophony resins obtained from Pinus brutia Ten trees by three different methods (acid paste, carved hole and scraping) from Ayvacık, Gökova and Kemalpaşa in Turkey were analyzed by capillary GC-MS. The main components were the monoterpenes α-pinene, β-pinene, and Δ3-carene, and the diterpenic resin acids palustric, abietic, kaur-9(11)-16-en-18-oic and neoabietic acid. The synthetic colophony resins exhibited similar contents to those of the natural resins obtained from the Gökova and Kemalpaşa regions of Turkey. However, colophony resins from Ayvacık exhibited only half the diterpenic acid content as those of the Gökova and Kemalpaşa resins. Out of the three techniques, the carved hole method caused rather different percentages in the constituents of the essential oils.

scholarly journals Exposure Determinants of Wood Dust, Microbial Components, Resin Acids and Terpenes in the Saw- and Planer Mill Industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Straumfors ◽  
Marine Corbin ◽  
Dave McLean ◽  
Andrea ‘t Mannetje ◽  
Raymond Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Models ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Airborne Measurements ◽  
Exposure Response ◽  
Wood Type ◽  
Exposure Determinants ◽  
And Task

Abstract Objectives Sawmill workers have an increased risk of adverse respiratory outcomes, but knowledge about exposure–response relationships is incomplete. The objective of this study was to assess exposure determinants of dust, microbial components, resin acids, and terpenes in sawmills processing pine and spruce, to guide the development of department and task-based exposure prediction models. Methods 2474 full-shift repeated personal airborne measurements of dust, resin acids, fungal spores and fragments, endotoxins, mono-, and sesquiterpenes were conducted in 10 departments of 11 saw- and planer mills in Norway in 2013–2016. Department and task-based exposure determinants were identified and geometric mean ratios (GMRs) estimated using mixed model regression. The effects of season and wood type were also studied. Results The exposure ratio of individual components was similar in many of the departments. Nonetheless, the highest microbial and monoterpene exposure (expressed per hour) were estimated in the green part of the sawmills: endotoxins [GMR (95% confidence interval) 1.2 (1.0–1.3)], fungal spores [1.1 (1.0–1.2)], and monoterpenes [1.3 (1.1–1.4)]. The highest resin acid GMR was estimated in the dry part of the sawmills [1.4 (1.2–1.5)]. Season and wood type had a large effect on the estimated exposure. In particular, summer and spruce were strong determinants of increased exposure to endotoxin (GMRs [4.6 (3.5–6.2)] and [2.0 (1.4–3.0)], respectively) and fungal spores (GMRs [2.2 (1.7–2.8)] and [1.5 (1.0–2.1)], respectively). Pine was a strong determinant for increased exposure to both resin acid and monoterpenes. Work as a boilerman was associated with moderate to relatively high exposure to all components [1.0–1.4 (0.8–2.0)], although the estimates were based on 13–15 samples only. Cleaning in the saw, planer, and sorting of dry timber departments was associated with high exposure estimates for several components, whereas work with transportation and stock/finished goods were associated with low exposure estimates for all components. The department-based models explained 21–61% of the total exposure variances, 0–90% of the between worker (BW) variance, and 1–36% of the within worker (WW) variances. The task-based models explained 22–62% of the total variance, 0–91% of the BW variance, and 0–33% of the WW variance. Conclusions Exposure determinants in sawmills including department, task, season, and wood type differed for individual components, and explained a relatively large proportion of the total variances. Application of department/task-based exposure prediction models for specific exposures will therefore likely improve the assessment of exposure–response associations.

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