Availability of carbon-bonded sulfur for mineralization in forest soils

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 839-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Fitzgerald ◽  
T. L. Andrew ◽  
W. T. Swank
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Cell Respiration ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Floor Layer ◽  
General Inhibitor

The capacities of soil from hardwood, clear-cut, and pine forests of the Coweeta basin to mineralize, adsorb; and incorporate into Organic matter carbon-bonded sulfur in the form of L-methionine was investigated. These soils adsorbed and incorporated between 40 and 66% of this amino acid within a 0.5-h incubation period, but much of the immobilized sulfur was mineralized after 48 h incubation. Ah additional hardwood forest (watershed 18) was chosen for further study of the incorporation process in both litter and mineral horizons. The O2 forest floor layer exhibited the highest levels of activity in samples taken along a transect of this watershed. Incorporation of methionine into the organic matter of these samples was complete within about 12 h of incubation and was inhibited by pretreatment of the samples with sodium azide; a general inhibitor of cell respiration. The capacities for methionine incorporation determined invitro complement observations of the high levels of carbon bonded sulfur found insitu in forest litter and soil.

Formation of organic sulfur in forest soils: a biologically mediated process

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1077-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Fitzgerald ◽  
Jaru T. Ash ◽  
Timothy C. Strickland ◽  
Wayne T. Swank
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Covalent Linkage ◽  
Carbon Availability ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Extractable Fraction ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Inorganic Sulfate

The ability of soils from hardwood, clear-cut, and pine forests to incorporate sulfur from added inorganic sulfate into salt-extractable (adsorbed) and nonsalt-extractable forms was investigated. At least 65% of the added sulfate was adsorbed while 8–27% of the sulfate added was recovered only after treatment of salt-extracted samples with acid and base (nonsalt-extractable sulfur). The incorporation of sulfur into this latter fraction was dependent upon incubation time, temperature, and depth and exhibited both spatial as well as seasonal variation in samples taken along a transect of one of the watersheds. Sulfur incorporation into the nonsalt-extractable fraction was inhibited 75–87% by sodium azide, 62–84% by erythromycin, and 41–68% by candicidin suggesting that the process is mediated by bacteria and fungi. Data on factors influencing sulfur incorporation suggest that sulfate was incorporated into organic matter as a covalent linkage and released after rupture of this linkage during acid and base treatment. The observations that 35S incorporation was inhibited 93–99% by unlabelled sulfate and stimulated 21–65% by increased carbon availability are consistent with this suggestion.

Fungal communities in wet tropical forests: variation in time and space

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1391-1398 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Jean Lodge ◽  
Sharon Cantrell
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Fresh Litter

Understanding variation in tropical forest fungal populations and communities is important for assessing fungal biodiversity, as well as for understanding the regulatory roles fungi play in tropical forests. In wet tropical forests, the canopy is typically occupied by certain wood decomposers, endophytes, epiphylls, and pathogens. Aphyllophoraceous canopy fungi are a subset of species found in the understory. Marasmioid agarics in the understory often form extensive networks of rhizomorphs that trap litter; these and other aerial species are rare on the forest floor. Decomposers are stratified within the forest floor, with some species colonizing only fresh litter, others preferring decomposed litter, and others restricted to soil organic matter. Specificity to particular host substrates is frequent among tropical forest litter decomposers and contributes to spatial heterogeneity in fungal communities over the landscape. Litter basidiomycete and microfungal communities in patches of 1 m2 or less do not significantly resemble communities in similar patches located at distances greater than 100 m. Disturbances induce changes in the environment and the abundance of different substrates, resulting in changes in fungal communities through time, and variation over the landscape. Severe disturbances, as well as the slight daily variations in rainfall, profoundly affect populations of fungal decomposers and their influence on plant nutrient availability. Key words: fungi, tropical forests, diversity, stratification, spatial variation, temporal variation.

Effects of selected forest management practices on environmental parameters related to successional development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 1001-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Yarie
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Successional Stages ◽  
Stage Viii ◽  
Successional Development

Two mature floodplain white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) ecosystems (stage VIII) located on islands in the Tanana River, approximately 20 km southwest of Fairbanks, Alaska, were clear-cut during the winter of 1985–1986 to quantify the effects of clear-cutting on selected environmental characteristics. Clearings in earlier successional stages (poplar–alder (Populus–Alnus), stage V; and open willow (Salix), stage III) were used to contrast the environmental parameters with the earlier stages found in the primary successional sequence. After clear-cutting, total radiation at the soil surface increased to early successional stage III levels. Potential evaporation from the soil surface increased 5-fold as a result of clearing in the stage VIII sites and was substantially greater than that found in the stage III sites by other researchers. Clearing had relatively little effect on air temperature. The concentration of P and K was significantly lower in the forest floor of both clearcuts, and the concentration of C was significantly higher at VIII-A-T (stage VIII–site A–treated (cleared) plot) when compared with the control stands. There was a decrease in total forest floor biomass at both clear-cut plots. Organic matter, total N, available NH4 and P, and extractable Mg and K all decreased after cutting, whereas pH increased. Decomposition of spruce foliage on the forest floor surface was slower in the clearcuts. Nitrogen immobilization occurred during the first 2 years of decomposition. During the third year it appeared that some mineralization was beginning to occur but the levels were very low, averaging only 3 mg N per bag in the clear-cut areas. Plant growth analysis indicated that growth was limited by high mineral soil salt content in the early successional stages (III) and that this limitation was species specific. Balsam poplar (Populusbalsamifera L.) appears to be more tolerant of the high cation content of the stage III sites compared with trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.). By the time successional development has progressed to stage V, the soil has been sufficiently augmented by the inclusion of organic matter from the developing vegetation and the fixation of N by alder to result in higher seedling growth rates in the cleared areas.

Soluble organic nitrogen in forests and adjacent clearcuts in British Columbia, Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (9) ◽  
pp. 1709-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
K D Hannam ◽  
C E Prescott
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Microbial N

Soluble organic N (SON) is recognized to be a source of N for plants, but the few studies of the effects of clear-cut harvesting on SON levels have reported inconsistent results. SON and soluble inorganic N (SIN) contents were measured in 1 mol/L KCl extracts of soil from forests and clearcuts in coastal cedar–hemlock forests near Port McNeill, B.C., and in high-elevation spruce–fir forests near Sicamous, B.C. To characterize the seedling root environment, sampling was confined to the top 20 cm of soil (consisting of forest floor at Port McNeill and forest floor plus mineral soil at Sicamous). Amino acid N and microbial N were determined on subsets of the samples. At both sites, SON content tended to be lower in clearcuts than in forests. Lower SON contents in clearcuts were caused by the removal of F-layer forest floor at Port McNeill and by reduced SON concentrations in the forest floor at Sicamous. Correlation analyses indicated close relationships between moisture content, SIN, SON, and microbial N. Changes in SON, SIN, and microbial N concentrations during buried bag incubations could not be explained simply by exchange among these three N pools. Free amino acid N accounted for 1–1.5% of the total SON content.

Insitu measurements of sulfate incorporation into forest floor and soil organic matter

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 549-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Strickland ◽  
John W. Fitzgerald ◽  
Wayne T. Swank
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Positive Response ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Field Incubation ◽  
Sulfate Incorporation

Litter and soil from a mixed mature hardwood forest were examined for the capacity to incorporate 35S-labelled sulfate into organic matter insitu. Amounts of sulfate incorporated within 48 h of field incubation were 70, 49, and 18% of added 35S per gram of substrate in the O1, O2, and A horizons, respectively. These potentials increased in the respective horizons to 74, 61 and 29% after 7 days. The incorporated 35S was predominately in the form of carbon-bonded S (17–48% of added 35S). Insitu incorporation rates exceeded rates previously estimated by laboratory incubations and the former rates showed a positive response to increase sulfate loading.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Protease Activity in Forest Floor of Norway Spruce Stand

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 665
Author(s):  
Ladislav Holik ◽  
Jiří Volánek ◽  
Valerie Vranová
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Chlorocholine Chloride ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Transformation Processes

Soil proteases are involved in organic matter transformation processes and, thus, influence ecosystem nutrient turnovers. Phytohormones, similarly to proteases, are synthesized and secreted into soil by fungi and microorganisms, and regulate plant rhizosphere activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of auxins, cytokinins, ethephon, and chlorocholine chloride on spruce forest floor protease activity. It was concluded that the presence of auxins stimulated native proteolytic activity, specifically synthetic auxin 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (16% increase at added quantity of 5 μg) and naturally occurring indole-3-acetic acid (18%, 5 μg). On the contrary, cytokinins, ethephon and chlorocholine chloride inhibited native soil protease activity, where ethephon (36% decrease at 50 μg) and chlorocholine chloride (34%, 100 μg) showed the highest inhibitory effects. It was concluded that negative phytohormonal effects on native proteolytic activity may slow down organic matter decomposition rates and hence complicate plant nutrition. The study enhances the understanding of rhizosphere exudate effects on soil microbial activity and soil nitrogen cycle.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Organic Matter in Aqueous Environments Simulating Small Bodies in the Solar System and the Effects of Minerals on Amino Acid Formation

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Walaa Elmasry ◽  
Yoko Kebukawa ◽  
Kensei Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Acid Formation ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Small Bodies ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Aqueous Environments ◽  
Heating Duration

The extraterrestrial delivery of organics to primitive Earth has been supported by many laboratory and space experiments. Minerals played an important role in the evolution of meteoritic organic matter. In this study, we simulated aqueous alteration in small bodies by using a solution mixture of H2CO and NH3 in the presence of water at 150 °C under different heating durations, which produced amino acids after acid hydrolysis. Moreover, minerals were added to the previous mixture to examine their catalyzing/inhibiting impact on amino acid formation. Without minerals, glycine was the dominant amino acid obtained at 1 d of the heating experiment, while alanine and β-alanine increased significantly and became dominant after 3 to 7 d. Minerals enhanced the yield of amino acids at short heating duration (1 d); however, they induced their decomposition at longer heating duration (7 d). Additionally, montmorillonite enhanced amino acid production at 1 d, while olivine and serpentine enhanced production at 3 d. Molecular weight distribution in the whole of the products obtained by gel chromatography showed that minerals enhanced both decomposition and combination of molecules. Our results indicate that minerals affected the formation of amino acids in aqueous environments in small Solar System bodies and that the amino acids could have different response behaviors according to different minerals.

A climate response function explaining most of the variation of the forest floor needle mass and the needle decomposition in pine forests across Europe

2006 ◽  
Vol 285 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 97-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kurz-Besson ◽  
M. M. Coûteaux ◽  
B. Berg ◽  
J. Remacle ◽  
C. Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Function ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Pine Forests ◽  
Climate Response ◽  
Needle Decomposition ◽  
Needle Mass

FOREST LITTER CONSTRAINTS ON THE PATHWAYS CONTROLLING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER FORMATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 108447
Author(s):  
Luís F.J. Almeida ◽  
Ivan F. Souza ◽  
Luís C.C. Hurtarte ◽  
Pedro Paulo Teixeira ◽  
Thiago M. Inagaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Formation
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