Development of ectomycorrhizae following inoculation of containerized Sitka and white spruce seedlings

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Shaw III ◽  
Randy Molina ◽  
Judith Walden
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Foliar Concentrations

Containerized Sitka (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and white spruce (P. glauca (Moench) Voss) were inoculated at sowing with mycelial cultures of ectomycorrhizal fungi. The seedlings were grown in 66-cm3 cells for 6 months. Sitka spruce inoculated at Corvallis, OR, with Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quél, Amanitamuscaria (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker, or Laccarialaccata (Scop, ex Fr.) Berk and Br. had, respectively, 94, 92, and 99% of their short roots mycorrhizal. Seedlings colonized by A. muscaria were similar in size to uninoculated controls; those colonized by H. crustuliniforme or L. laccata were significantly smaller. Tricholomapessundatum (Fr.) Quél, sparsely colonized 10–25% of the Sitka spruce inoculated at Corvallis. At Petersburg, AK, 93% of the Sitka spruce inoculated with H. crustuliniforme were colonized with 69% of their short roots forming mycorrhizae. Colonized seedlings were similar in size to controls, except for a significantly greater (P < 0.05) shoot/root ratio and foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Sitka spruce colonized at Petersburg by Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and maintained at the standard nursery fertilization rate had significantly fewer short roots mycorrhizal (23%) than seedlings maintained at half the standard fertilization rate (44%). White spruce were successfully colonized by C. geophilum and H. crustuliniforme. Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch failed to form mycorrhizae on either spruce.

Evaluation of planting sites common to a southeast Alaska clear-cut. IV. Nutrient levels in ectomycorrhizal Sitka spruce seedlings

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Sidle ◽  
Charles G. Shaw III
Keyword(s):  
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
The North ◽  
Rotten Wood ◽  
North Side ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) seedlings colonized by the ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccarialaccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Berk and Br., Hebelomacrustuliniforme (Bull, ex St. Amans) Quel., or Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. and a noninoculated control were planted on rotten wood, undisturbed duff, undisturbed duff on the north side of large stumps, and exposed mineral soil in an area recently clear-cut on Chichagof Island, southeast Alaska. Uptake and concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and several micronutrients in foliage, stems, and roots were determined 2 years after outplanting. There were no significant interactions between fungal treatments and microsite types for uptake or concentration of any nutrient. Uptake and concentrations of N and P in foliage and roots did not differ significantly among fungal treatments. Foliar K and Cu concentrations were significantly higher in control seedlings than in those with L. laccata ectomycorrhizae. Calcium was the only nutrient analyzed that was present in higher concentrations in seedlings inoculated with H. crustuliniforme than in controls. Concentrations of foliar P, Mn, and Zn were significantly greater in seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (protected north side) than in seedlings grown on exposed mineral soil. However, foliar concentrations of all nutrients tested were not significantly different between seedlings grown on undisturbed duff (unprotected sites) and those grown on mineral soil. Seedlings grown on rotten wood had significantly greater concentrations of foliar Ca than seedlings grown on either exposed mineral soil or undisturbed duff. The on-site colonization of control seedlings after outplanting indicates that resident ectomycorrhizal fungi readily establish and appear to provide equal if not improved nutrient benefits compared to inoculated seedlings. Greater nutritional benefits were derived by planting on certain microsite types (duff and protected duff) than by inoculating with specific ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Mineral nutrient status of coastal hill dipterocarp forest and adinandra belukar in Singapore: analysis of soil, leaves and litter

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Grubb ◽  
I. M. Turner ◽  
D. F. R. P. Burslem
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Total N ◽  
Foliar Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
Ph Range

ABSTRACTThe soil of remnant primary rainforest on granite in Singapore is very acidic (pH mostly 3.5–4.2 at 0–10 cm) and has unusually low total concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, but the mean concentrations of N and P in the living leaves and freshly fallen leaves of the more shade-tolerant species are within the ranges found for other lowland forests on infertile oxisols and ultisols. The concentration of Ca in freshly fallen leaves is very low. The soil under secondary forest (bselukar) on sandstone dominated by Adinandra dumosa (Theaceae) was degraded during use for agriculture. It has the same pH range but even lower values of total N and P. The mean concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the living leaves are slightly higher than in leaves of the more shade-tolerant trees of primary forest, but lower than in the leaves of the species which require canopy gaps for establishment or early onward growth. The few species sampled in both primary forest and belukar show no consistent trend in foliar concentrations. The degraded soil has selected species with inherently lower foliar concentrations.

Growth analysis of four nursery-grown conifer species

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1389-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
R van den. Driessche
Keyword(s):  
White Spruce ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Stem Extension ◽  
Net Assimilation

Annual pattern of relative growth rate (RGR) and stem extension growth were examined in four 1-year-old conifer species grown at two nurseries. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and needle area ratio (F) were calculated for a 14-day period in June. Seasonal patterns of RGR in Douglas fir and Sitka spruce were similar, but RGR of white spruce was lower and showed a different pattern. Seasonal fluctuations in RGR may have been associated with changes in rate of stem extension growth in Douglas fir and Sitka spruce, but not in white spruce or hemlock. Differences in NAR had a greater effect on RGR than differences in F during June. In particular, low RGR was mainly due to low NAR in white spruce.

Structure and physiology of Sitka spruce roots

1987 ◽  
Vol 93 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 131-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Coutts ◽  
J. J. Philipson
Keyword(s):  
Relative Size ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Lateral Spread ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Survival And Development

SynopsisThe growth and development of Sitka spruce roots is reviewed against the practical background of tree stability. Two features of the roots which make Sitka spruce liable to windthrow on upland sites are the shallow development in unfavourable soil conditions, and restricted lateral spread and anchorage caused by some forms of cultivation. Responses to different aspects of the soil environment are discussed, with emphasis on mineral nutrition, drying of the soil, waterlogging and temperature. The development of a small number of major woody roots from an assortment of primary laterals on the transplant occurs at an early age and is determined both by the relative size and vigour of the primary roots and by their local environment. The roots, which respond to increases in nitrogen and phosphorus supply with enhanced growth, are sensitive to drying of the soil and are particularly so to waterlogging, but they show no unusual response to soil temperature. Adventitious roots can play a role in the survival and development of the root system.

A comparison of the fine root component of a pure and a mixed coniferous stand

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1416-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. McKay ◽  
D. C. Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Sitka Spruce ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Fine roots were sampled at monthly intervals during 1984–1985 in pure plots of Sitka spruce (Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and mixed plots of Scots pine (Pinussylvestris L.) and Sitka spruce established on an upland heath in 1969. Both types of planting had received phosphorus and potassium fertiliser but no nitrogen. The mean standing crop of live roots (<2 mm diameter) in the top 5 cm of pure spruce plots was 112 g • m−2, almost double that of mixed stands (37 g • m−2 of spruce plus 20 g • m−2 of pine). Necromass was 80% of total mass in both stand types. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were greater in pure plots than in mixed plots, but fine root capital of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium was greater in pure spruce than in mixed plots (biomass and necromass contained 11, 2, and 5 and 45, 4, and 7 kg • ha−1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in pure plots, and 7, 1, and 3 and 30, 3, and 3 kg • ha−1 of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in mixed plots, respectively). Production of fine roots in pure and mixed stands was estimated at 181 and 97 g • m−2•year−1 or 715 and 367 g • m−2•year−1, respectively, depending on the method of calculation. Fine roots of pure plots were highly concentrated in the top 3 cm. In mixture, spruce roots had a less extreme vertical distribution and pine roots were more evenly distributed down to 9 cm.

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