Accumulation of food reserves in cottonwood stems during dormancy induction

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Nelson ◽  
Richard E. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Food Reserves ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Short Days

Early chemical storage as related to growth changes that occur in cottonwood (Populusdeltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh) stems during dormancy induction was investigated. In this experiment, plant dormancy was induced by 8-h photoperiods (short days) and 20 °C: 14 °C temperature regimes. Tissue samples were taken at four stem positions for 8 weeks under short days. Leaf expansion and stem elongation had stopped by the 4th week under short days, and terminal buds had formed. Starch concentration in the lower stem began to increase during the 3rd week and continued throughout the dormancy induction period. By the 8th week starch concentration in the stem was about 24% residue dry weight (RDW). Total nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) increased almost linearly after the 1st week to about 38% RDW. Free amino acids increased during the first 2 weeks to 1.6%, declined to 0.2% by 6 weeks, then remained constant. Triglyceride concentration remained level for the first 2 to 3 weeks, then increased from 1 to 3% RDW. Changes in the various chemical fractions were sequential and associated with different phases of dormancy induction. Cottonwood, although previously considered a "fat-storing" tree based on histochemical analyses of winter food reserves, stores primarily carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is stored initially as starch and then converted to soluble sugars under cold conditions.

scholarly journals ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES IN MARIGOLD SEEDLINGS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 648d-648
Author(s):  
Jack W. Buxton ◽  
Donna Switzer ◽  
Guoqiang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Lower Light Intensity

Marigold seedlings, 3 weeks old, were grown in natural light growth chambers at 3 day/night temperature regimes, 8°N/16°D, 13°N/20°D and 18°N/24°D, in a factorial combination with ambient and 1000-1500 ppm CO2. Seedlings were harvested at regular intervals during a 24 hr period and were analyzed for soluble sugars (reducing sugars and sucrose) and starch. Neither temperature nor CO2 concentration affected the accumulation of soluble sugars or starch during the day or night. The soluble sugar concentration ranged from 3% of dry weight at sunrise to 6% at mid-day; the concentration changed little during the night. Light intensity was different during replications of the experiment. Increased light intensity appeared to cause a slight increase in the soluble sugars maintained by the seedling during the day. Accumulated starch increased 6% to 8% from sunrise to late afternoon. Preliminary results indicate that light intensity greatly affected the concentration of starch. On the higher light intensity day, starch accumulated to a maximum of 18% of dry weight; whereas on the lower light intensity day the maximum concentration was 10%. During the night following the lower light intensity day, the starch concentration decreased to approximately 3% by the end of the night; following a brighter day the starch content was 13% at the end of the night.

scholarly journals `Hass' Avocado Carbohydrate Fluctuations. I. Growth and Phenology

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Liu ◽  
Paul W. Robinson ◽  
Monica A. Madore ◽  
Guy W. Witney ◽  
Mary Lu Arpaia
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Total Soluble Sugar ◽  
Hass Avocado

Seasonal fluctuations in nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) were studied in `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees on `Duke 7' rootstock over a 2-year period in southern California. On a dry weight basis, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations ranged from 33.0 to 236.0 mg·g-1 dry weight and were high compared to starch concentration (2.0 to 109.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) in all measured organs (stems, leaves, trunks and roots). The seven carbon (C7) sugars, D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, were the dominant soluble sugars detected. The highest starch and TSS concentrations were found in stem tissues, and in stems, a distinct seasonal fluctuation in starch and TSS concentrations was observed. This coincided with vegetative growth flushes over both sampling years. Stem TSS and starch concentrations increased beginning in autumn, with cessation of shoot growth, until midwinter, possibly due to storage of photosynthate produced during the winter photosynthetic period. TSS peaked in midwinter, while starch increased throughout the winter to a maximum level in early spring. A second peak in stem TSS was observed in midsummer following flowering and spring shoot growth. At this time, stem starch concentration also decreased to the lowest level of the year. This complementary cycling between stem TSS and starch suggests that a conversion of starch to sugars occurs to support vegetative growth and flowering, while sugars produced photosynthetically may be allocated directly to support flowering and fruit production.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF NEGATIVE DIF REGIMES ON CARBOHYDRATE LEVELS IN LILIUM LONGIFLORUM

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 592f-592
Author(s):  
William B. Miller ◽  
P. Allen Hammer ◽  
Terri I. Kirk
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrate ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Timing Data ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

Commercial greenhouse operators are increasingly using “negative DIF” temperature regimes for crop height control. A negative DIF exists where the night temperature (NT) is greater than day temperature (DT). Large differences in DT-NT strongly suppress stem elongation in many crops, and have been used to reduce labor and material costs for chemical growth regulator applications on Easter lily. We have explored some of the biochemical effects of negative DIF temperature regimes. 'Nellie White Easter lilies were grown (1989 and 1991) at Purdue under a +10 or -10 DIF regime with temperatures adjusted so that daily averages were equal. Plants were harvested at visible bud (VB) and anthesis. Carbohydrates in stems, leaves and flowers were analyzed by HPLC With both temperature regimes, timing data indicated equal daily temperature averages were achieved. Negative DIF severely reduced stem length, and leaf and stem dry weight. Negative DIF reduced leaf and stem total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) content 39-46% at VB and anthesis, while flower TSC was reduced 10-13%. These results indicate negative DIFs have potentially detrimental biochemical effects on Easter lilies. Other techniques, such as early morning temperature drops, were not a part of this study, and their physiological effects should be evaluated as well.

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 2. Non-structural carbohydrate concentrations in plant parts

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
P Supply

The concentrations of total non-structural carbohydrate (%TNC) and its various forms (soluble sugars and starch) were measured in white clover plants that were grown in a glasshouse with different levels of P supply (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) and subjected to 3 defoliation frequencies (1, 2, and 4 defoliations over 36 days). Frequent defoliation reduced %TNC. Increasing P supply to the clover plants had the opposite effect, but to a lesser extent, and tended to reverse the decline in %TNC resulting from frequent defoliation. Stolons were the plant parts where most of the non-structural carbohydrate reserves were stored, with concentrations varying from <2 to >11% TNC on a dry weight basis, according to the treatment received. Minimal changes occurred in the %TNC for the leaves or roots as a result of treatments. The fluctuations in non-structural carbohydrate concentration in the stolons were mainly due to changes in the starch concentration, since the stolon sugar concentration was relatively constant between various treatments. A logistic curve closely defined the relationship (r2 = 0·98) between the starch concentration in the stolons and dry matter yield of leaves, suggesting that stolon starch reserves are a function of the size of the leaf canopy. Canopy size, in turn, was dependent on the duration of the regrowth period and, to a lesser extent, on the P supply. The maximum starch concentration in the stolons was around 8% under the conditions of this experiment.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates within Branches and Roots of Naturally “Off” and “On” `Kerman' Pistachio Trees

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muntubani D.S. Nzima ◽  
George C. Martin ◽  
Chic Nishijima
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Starch Concentration ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration ◽  
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrates ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Soluble Sugar And Starch

The objective of this investigation was to determine the dynamics of carbohydrate use as revealed by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary scaffold branches and roots (≤10 mm in diameter) of alternate-bearing `Kerman' pistachio (Pistachia vera L.) trees that were in their natural bearing cycles. Two hypotheses were tested. First, carbohydrate concentration is greater early in the growing season in organs examined from heavily cropping (“on”) than light cropping (“off”) trees. This hypothesis was affirmed as judged by soluble sugar and starch concentration in leaves, inflorescence buds, rachises, nuts, current and 1-year-old wood, and primary and tertiary branches and roots of “on” compared to “off” trees. Second, carbohydrate concentration remains high in “on” tree organs as the first wave of inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurs early in the growing season. This hypothesis was also affirmed. In fact, soluble sugars and starch remained high in “on” trees through full bloom FB + 60 days (FB + 60) as inflorescence bud and nut abscission occurred. In the persisting “on” tree inflorescence buds, sharp decreases in soluble sugars and starch were evident by the final sample date when “off” tree inflorescence buds contained a 13 times greater concentration of soluble sugars and starch than “on” tree buds. At that time, “off” tree inflorescence buds contained 50% more dry mass than “on” tree inflorescence buds. After FB + 60, “on” tree soluble sugars and starch declined in all organs as nut growth occurred. During the same time period, organs of “off” trees began to accumulate greater concentrations of soluble sugars and starch and exceeded concentrations measured in organs of “on” trees.

scholarly journals Interannual and Spatial Variability of Cyanotoxins in the Prespa Lake Area, Greece

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Valentini Maliaka ◽  
Miquel Lürling ◽  
Christian Fritz ◽  
Yvon J.M. Verstijnen ◽  
Elisabeth J. Faassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Lake Area ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cyanobacteria Blooms ◽  
Prespa Lake

The Prespa Lakes area in Greece—comprised partly of lake Great and lake Lesser Prespa and the Vromolimni pond—has a global importance for biodiversity. Although the waters show regular cyanobacteria blooms, assessments of water quality threats are limited. Samples collected in 2012 revealed scattered and low microcystin (MC) concentrations in Great Prespa (<0.2 μg MC L−1) whereas considerable spatial heterogeneity in both total chlorophyll (2.4–93 µg L−1) and MC concentrations (0.04–52.4 µg MC L−1) was detected in Lesser Prespa. In 2013, there was far less spatial variability of MC concentrations in Lesser Prespa (0.4–1.53 µg L−1), however in 2014, increased concentrations were detected near the lakeshore (25–861 µg MC L−1). In Vromolimni pond the MC concentrations were on average 26.6 (±6.4) µg MC L−1 in 2012, 2.1 (±0.3) µg MC L−1 in 2013 and 12.7 (±12.5) µg MC L−1 in 2014. In 2013, no anatoxins, saxitoxins, nor cylindrospermopsins were detected in Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni waters. Tissue samples from carps, an otter and Dalmatian Pelicans contained 0.4–1.9 µg MC g−1 dry weight. These results indicate that cyanotoxins could be a threat to the ecosystem functions of particularly Lesser Prespa and Vromolimni.

Assessment of copper accumulation in archived liver specimens from cats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2096135
Author(s):  
Punyamanee Yamkate ◽  
Randi M Gold ◽  
Panagiotis G Xenoulis ◽  
Katja Steiger ◽  
David C Twedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Hepatic Steatosis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reference Interval ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Zonal Distribution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

Objectives The aim of this study was to assess hepatic copper concentrations and zonal distribution in cat liver specimens. Methods For this study, 121 archived, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver specimens from cats were used. Tissue sections were stained for copper with rhodanine and scored from 0 (no copper accumulation) to 5 (panlobular copper accumulation). The tissue specimens were then deparaffinized and hepatic copper concentrations were measured using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results Tissue samples were categorized into four groups based on histopathologic findings: (1) no significant histopathologic hepatic changes (n = 66); (2) hepatic steatosis (n = 18); (3) inflammatory or infectious disease (n = 24); and (4) neoplasia (n = 13). Of the 121 specimens, 13 (11%) stained positive for copper, with three having a score ⩾3. Thirty-seven specimens (31%) had copper concentrations above the reference interval ([RI] <180 µg/g dry weight liver). Copper concentrations in cats with hepatic inflammatory or infectious disease were significantly higher than cats with hepatic steatosis ( P = 0.03). Copper-staining score and concentration were positively correlated ( rs = 0.46, P <0.001). Conclusions and relevance Despite the fact that 31% of specimens had copper concentrations above the RI, only 11% showed positive copper staining and only 2.5% had a score ⩾3. Our findings suggest that hepatic copper concentrations greater than the upper limit of the RI are relatively common in cats. Further studies to determine the factors that influence hepatic copper staining in cats and to establish contemporary RIs for hepatic copper in healthy cats are warranted.

SOLUBLE SUGAR CHANGES OCCURRING DURING COLD HARDENING OF SPRING WHEAT, FALL RYE AND ALFALFA

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Cold Hardening ◽  
Spring Type

Alfa, a relatively nonhardy alfalfa cultivar continued to accumulate, on a dry weight basis, fructose, α- and β-D-glucose, sucrose and maltose during the latter stages of cold hardening. Rambler, a hardier alfalfa cultivar conversely showed a decrease for these soluble sugars with hardening. Frontier rye, a very hardy winter habit cereal showed decreases in these soluble sugars plus melibiose during the same hardening period. These results support the hypothesis that hardy cereals and alfalfa undergo a decrease in soluble sugars with hardening, while less hardy cereals and alfalfa continue to increase in content of soluble sugars. Manitou wheat appeared not to fit this hypothesis and showed the decreased soluble sugars usually associated with hardy cultivars. Although Manitou is a spring type wheat, one of its parents, Thatcher, does contain gene(s) for the winter habit.Key words: Sugar, cold hardening, wheat, rye, alfalfa

SEASONAL GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF LONG AND SHORT SHOOTS OF TAMARACK

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Johanna Clausen ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Weight Increase ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Larix Laricina ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Long Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots ◽  
Food Reserves

Tamarack (Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch) produces long shoots which bear two kinds of needles. Early needles are present in the bud and elongate rapidly after budbreak. Late needles, few of which are present in the bud, elongate later than early needles. Short shoots bear early needles only, and stem length seldom exceeds 1 mm. Seasonal changes in length and weight of needles and stems of both shoot types were measured. In long shoots, 75% of stem elongation, more than 70% of stem weight increment, and 65–70% of late needle elongation occurred after early needles were full-sized. Stem and late needle elongation ceased simultaneously, after which time needle weight decreased and stem weight increased. Early needles probably drew on food reserves while developing, and then themselves contributed to stem and late needle elongation. Final stem weight increase probably used photosynthate from both late and early needles of the current year.Shading of current and last year's needles showed that shoots in which photosynthesis was interrupted in this way produced shorter, lighter-weight stems than did control shoots.

scholarly journals Salt-tolerance screening in Limonium sinuatum varieties with different flower colors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Xu ◽  
Yingli Zhou ◽  
Ping Mi ◽  
Baoshan Wang ◽  
Fang Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salt Gland ◽  
Salt Glands ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Whole Plants

AbstractLimonium sinuatum, a member of Plumbaginaceae commonly known as sea lavender, is widely used as dried flower. Five L. sinuatum varieties with different flower colors (White, Blue, Pink, Yellow, and Purple) are found in saline regions and are widely cultivated in gardens. In the current study, we evaluated the salt tolerance of these varieties under 250 mmol/L NaCl (salt-tolerance threshold) treatment to identify the optimal variety suitable for planting in saline lands. After the measurement of the fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), contents of Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl−, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), relative water content, chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate, and osmotic potential of whole plants, the salt-tolerance ability from strongest to weakest is identified as Pink, Yellow, Purple, White, and Blue. Photosynthetic rate was the most reliable and positive indicator of salt tolerance. The density of salt glands showed the greatest increase in Pink under NaCl treatment, indicating that Pink adapts to high-salt levels by enhancing salt gland formation. These results provide a theoretical basis for the large-scale planting of L. sinuatum in saline soils in the future.

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