Sulfur dioxide injury, sulfur content, and stomatal conductance of birch foliage

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Biggs ◽  
D. D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Relative Susceptibility

Seedlings of three birch species were exposed biweekly to 2358 μg/m3 (0.9 ppm) SO2 for 2 h from May to September 1977. Leaf sulfur content of the birch foliage increased following exposure to SO2, but sulfur accumulation was not correlated with visible injury. Relative susceptibility was significantly correlated with preexposure leaf conductance rates of Betulanigra L. and B. papyrifera Marsh., but not for B. pubescens Ehrh. Leaf conductance rates were not correlated with sulfur accumulation.

Evidence of corrosion in home piping system began to appear in fixture stains and metallic taste. In 1985, the Federal Government did surveys of heavy metals in water supplies, focusing on lead in drinking water and its effect on children. The prevalence of this metal resulted in the banning of lead from solder used in plumbing. In 1988, and in 1989, regulations reduced the safe limit of lead in water from 50^gm/L to 5 μgm/L, with an action level at 15pgm/L in a first draw sample. At the same time the E.P.A. provided guidance documents to schools and day care centers to help reduce children's lead exposure in water supplies. Grants were made available to states to be used for spreading the knowledge about this danger. However, the Federal regulations applied only to public water supplies, which were defined as systems serving 25 or more people. But private wells serving family homes, many containing children, were not included. Children could be assured of regulated water supplies in school, but not at home. Aware that lead was a problem in paint chips, Connecticut required that pediatricians test for traces of lead in children at age two. The Federal act recognized that the primary source of lead in water supplies came through home plumbing systems stemming from the corrosion by the water. This was remedied by requiring public water supplies to prevent corrosion, usually by adding alkalinity to the water. Here again, private wells not included in the educational phase of the program were also not included in the remedies. While these activities with water supplies were occurring, a phenomenon of a different sort was originating in states hundreds of miles away from Southeastern Connecticut. Throughout the Midwest and into West Virginia and Kentucky, electric power generators were erecting tall stacks to disperse sulfur dioxide gasses high into the atmosphere. The gas came mostly from the burning of high sulfur coal mined nearby. The Federal air pollution standards for ambient air were being met in the Midwest by the use of these tall stacks. In the eastern states, restrictions on sulfur content of fuels, mostly petroleum based, were used to meet the ambient air standards. By the early 1980's Connecticut eased its restrictions on sulfur content in these fuels from 0.5% to 1% by weight . Still, during the next five years the sulfur dioxide level actually decreased. However, in 1986, other data collected by the State showed that 32% of the rain storms had an acidic pH of 4.0 or below [ 1 ]. The lowest pH ’ s recorded that year were 3.6. The State also reported that from 1985 to 1996 there had been a further decrease in ambient sulfur dioxide levels [ 2 ].

2014 ◽  
pp. 860-860
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
The State ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Plumbing Systems ◽  
Private Wells

Effects of sulfur dioxide on water relations of hybrid poplar foliage and bark

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Biggs ◽  
Donald D. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Leaf Conductance ◽  
Unexposed Control ◽  
Poplar Cuttings ◽  
Induced Changes

Hybrid poplar cuttings were exposed to 0.25 ppm SO2 for 72 h/week for 14 consecutive weeks in 1979. In 1980, a second set of cuttings was exposed to 0.12 ppm SO2 for 72 h/week for 6 consecutive weeks. Foliar and bark water potential, osmotic potential, and the pressure component, as well as leaf conductance, were determined during or following exposure and compared with data from unexposed control plants. Leaf conductance was stimulated during 72-h exposures to 0.25 ppm SO2. Six 72 h/week exposures to 0.12 ppm SO2 had no effect on conductance, but induced changes in foliar water potential and osmotic potential.

Studies of the Vulcanization of Rubber. X. The Vulcanization of Natural Rubber with a Mixture of Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Dogadkin ◽  
F. Keifetz
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Spatial Network ◽  
Smooth Curves ◽  
Multiple Cycles

Abstract 1. The dynamics of the changes of the properties of rubber during vulcanization by a mixture of sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, in distinction from conventional vulcanization by sulfur, is expressed by smooth curves. No vulcanization optimum is observed. 2. With multiple cycles of vulcanization, the increase of bound sulfur content above 3 per cent results in a decrease of tensile strength. 3. Changes of tensile strength of the vulcanizate dependent on changes of sulfur content are attributable to the influence of the density of the spatial network on the orientation processes during deformation.

Effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on Ulmus americana seedlings. I. Visible injury and growth

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Constantinidou ◽  
T. T. Kozlowski
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Intermediate Amount

The effects of SO2 (2 ppm for 6 h), O3 (0.9 ppm for 5 h), and SO2–O3 mixtures (2 ppm SO2 and 0.9 ppm O3 for 5 h followed by SO2 for 1 h) were studied on injury and growth of 4-month-old, actively growing and quiescent Ulmus americana L. seedlings. In actively growing seedlings visible injury to leaves from SO2–O3 mixtures was evident within 24 h; from O3 within 36 to 48 h; and from SO2 within 48 h after fumigation ceased. Sulfur dioxide and SO2–O3 treatments reduced expansion of new leaves (< 1 cm long at time of fumigation) within 1 week, but normal rates of leaf expansion were restored by the end of the 2nd week. Ozone had no significant effect on expansion of new leaves. Expansion of young leaves (> 1 cm long at time of fumigation) was markedly inhibited by all treatments; it was inhibited most by SO2–O3, an intermediate amount by SO2, and least by O3. Numbers of emerging leaves were significantly reduced by SO2, and by SO2–O3, but only at the end of the 1st week. After 5 weeks, stem dry weights were reduced by O3 and SO2–O3, and root dry weights were reduced by SO2 and SO2–O3. In quiescent plants pollution injury to leaves was similar to that in actively growing plants. However, all fumigation treatments induced severe defoliation in quiescent plants.

scholarly journals Attribution of atmospheric sulfur dioxide over the English Channel to dimethyl sulfide and changing ship emissions

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 4771-4783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingxi Yang ◽  
Thomas G. Bell ◽  
Frances E. Hopkins ◽  
Timothy J. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfide ◽  
English Channel ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Fold Reduction ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
High Level

Abstract. Atmospheric sulfur dioxide (SO2) was measured continuously from the Penlee Point Atmospheric Observatory (PPAO) near Plymouth, United Kingdom, between May 2014 and November 2015. This coastal site is exposed to marine air across a wide wind sector. The predominant southwesterly winds carry relatively clean background Atlantic air. In contrast, air from the southeast is heavily influenced by exhaust plumes from ships in the English Channel as well as near Plymouth Sound. A new International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulation came into force in January 2015 to reduce the maximum allowed sulfur content in ships' fuel 10-fold in sulfur emission control areas such as the English Channel. Our observations suggest a 3-fold reduction in ship-emitted SO2 from 2014 to 2015. Apparent fuel sulfur content calculated from coincidental SO2 and carbon dioxide (CO2) peaks from local ship plumes show a high level of compliance to the IMO regulation (> 95 %) in both years (∼  70 % of ships in 2014 were already emitting at levels below the 2015 cap). Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is an important source of atmospheric SO2 even in this semi-polluted region. The relative contribution of DMS oxidation to the SO2 burden over the English Channel increased from about one-third in 2014 to about one-half in 2015 due to the reduction in ship sulfur emissions. Our diel analysis suggests that SO2 is removed from the marine atmospheric boundary layer in about half a day, with dry deposition to the ocean accounting for a quarter of the total loss.

scholarly journals Calculative assessment of the quantity of rehabilitators for realization of the process of interaction of calcium oxide with ceronic sulfur

2018 ◽  
pp. 176-181
Author(s):  
I.A. Manachin ◽  
A.F. Shevchenko ◽  
V.P. Petrusha ◽  
A.L. Rudenko
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Reducing Agent ◽  
Pig Iron ◽  
Technological Factors ◽  
Final Content ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reasonable Use

The purpose of the work is to study the amount of reducing agents required for reactions of the interaction of calcium oxide with sulfur in the desulphurization of pig iron. The possible reactions of the interaction of calcium oxide with pig iron are given. Required amounts of reducing agents ([Si], Mg, Al) are calculated for providing interaction of calcium oxide with sulfur iron. It was shown that the cost of reducing agents is in the range of 0,044 - 1,004 kg / t of pig iron, depending on the change in the input and final content of sulfur in the pig iron and the type of reducing agent - the participant in the process of pig iron desulphurisation with calcium oxide. The dependence of their expenses on the type of recovery and sulfur content is obtained. The specific costs of reducing agents significantly increase with the increase in the amount of sequestered sulfur, the dependence is linear. It is shown that magnesium monoindex is a logical and rational way of its application and does not require the use of a mixture of magnesium and lime. When using lime deuxulphurants, the most reasonable use of aluminum, which is also more technologically and cheap reagent for deoxidizing the melt. The diagrams and dependences of the cost of [Si], Mg and Al in the reaction of interaction of calcium oxide with sulfur dioxide on the amount of withdrawn sulfur [S] are given. Analysis of the calculated and actual results of off-stage pig iron desulphurization shows that the parameters of the resulting calculation chart are an integral part of the technological factors in the substantiation or evaluation of the process.

Effets of Sulfur Dioxide on Three Eucalyptus Species

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Murray
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

Eucalyptus punctata, E. moluccana and E. crebra were exposed continuously to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, up to 10.1 pphm, for durations of up to 40 days in open-top fumigation chambers. Foliar injury and accelerated leaf senescence were found in E. punctata but no symptoms of visible injury were detected in E. moluccana or E. crebra. Sulfur dioxide exposure significantly depressed leaf chlorophyll concentrations in E. crebra and exposure to 4.3 pphm sulfur dioxide significantly depressed total chlorophyll concentrations in E. moluccana. Sulfur dioxide had no significant effect on leaf chlorophyll in E. punctata. Exposure to sulfur dioxide significantly increased leaf sulfur concentrations in all three species, with the exception of the exposure of E. punctata to 3.8 pphm sulfur dioxide which did not result in foliar sulfur accumulation. Sulfur dioxide had no significant effects on tree growth parameters in E. moluccana or E. crebra. Although all three Eucalyptus species were sensitive to continuous exposure to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, the response is species-dependent.

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