Effets of Sulfur Dioxide on Three Eucalyptus Species

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Murray
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentrations

Eucalyptus punctata, E. moluccana and E. crebra were exposed continuously to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, up to 10.1 pphm, for durations of up to 40 days in open-top fumigation chambers. Foliar injury and accelerated leaf senescence were found in E. punctata but no symptoms of visible injury were detected in E. moluccana or E. crebra. Sulfur dioxide exposure significantly depressed leaf chlorophyll concentrations in E. crebra and exposure to 4.3 pphm sulfur dioxide significantly depressed total chlorophyll concentrations in E. moluccana. Sulfur dioxide had no significant effect on leaf chlorophyll in E. punctata. Exposure to sulfur dioxide significantly increased leaf sulfur concentrations in all three species, with the exception of the exposure of E. punctata to 3.8 pphm sulfur dioxide which did not result in foliar sulfur accumulation. Sulfur dioxide had no significant effects on tree growth parameters in E. moluccana or E. crebra. Although all three Eucalyptus species were sensitive to continuous exposure to low concentrations of sulfur dioxide, the response is species-dependent.

CHRONIC OZONE OR SULFUR DIOXIDE EXPOSURES, OR BOTH, AFFECT THE EARLY VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF SOYBEAN

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 875-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID T. TINGEY ◽  
CARLOS WICKLIFF ◽  
RICHARD A. REINERT ◽  
WALTER W. HECK
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Treatment Interaction

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cult Hood and Dare were exposed to low concentrations of ozone or sulfur dioxide, or both, during the first 3 wk of growth. Foliar injury occurred on both cultivars in the ozone and mix treatments. Dare developed more foliar injury than Hood. Plant height, top and root fresh and dry weights, and the dry shoot–root ratios were significantly reduced by the 10-pphm ozone treatment. The mix of 5 pphm ozone plus 5 pphm sulfur dioxide significantly reduced top fresh weight, root fresh and dry weights, and shoot–root ratios. Treatments of 5 pphm ozone, 5 pphm or 20 pphm sulfur dioxide had no significant effects on plant growth. The growth reductions resulting from the ozone–sulfur dioxide mix were greater than the additive reductions of the single gases. The lack of a significant cultivar × treatment interaction indicated that the growth of the two cultivars responded similarly to the various treatments.

Row Crop Sensitivity to Low Rates of Foliar-Applied Florpyrauxifen-benzyl

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-403
Author(s):  
M. Ryan Miller ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy
Keyword(s):  
Drift Rate ◽  
Reproductive Development ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Row Crop ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Soybean Plants ◽  
Corn Grain

In a greenhouse experiment, soybean, cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and sunflower were subjected to 1/10 (3 g ai ha-1), 1/100 (0.3 g ai ha-1), or 1/500 (0.06 g ai ha-1) of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl. Visible injury 14 days after treatment (DAT) was the greatest with soybean (96%) when exposed to the highest drift rate of 1/10x or 3 g ai/ha-1 of florpyrauxifen-benzyl and was significantly higher than all other crops and drift rates. Cotton and sunflower were also injured 85 and 83%, respectively, by the 1/10x rate but had less injury when a 1/100x or 1/500x rate was applied (injury ranging from 9 to 33%). It was concluded that the negative effects on soybean, cotton, and sunflower primarily resulted from exposure to the highest rate tested (1/10x) and only soybean expressed negative effects even at the lower rate of 1/100x. A field study was also conducted to (1) evaluate the sensitivity of soybean to low concentrations of florpyrauxifen-benzyl during vegetative and reproductive development and (2) compare soybean injury and yield following applications of florpyrauxifen-benzyl and dicamba across various growth stages and concentrations. Soybean plants were treated with 1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, or 1/640 of the 1X rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl (30 g ai/ ha-1) or dicamba (560 g ae ha-1) at the V3 and R1 growth stage. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl applied at a rate of 1/10 to 1/40X caused foliar injury and subsequent height reduction. In comparison, dicamba applied at the same rates caused slightly less injury and growth reductions. As rate of florpyrauxifen-benzyl decreased from 1/10 to 1/640X, the level of soybean injury dissipated rather quickly. However, this was not the case with dicamba, as substantial injury was observed with rates as low as 1/640X.

scholarly journals Sulfur dioxide-enhanced Phytotoxicity of Ozone to Watermelon

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 716-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn Eason ◽  
Richard A. Reinert ◽  
James E. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Continuous Stirred Tank ◽  
The Impact

Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O3) sensitivities were grown in a charcoal-filtered greenhouse and exposed in continuous-stirred tank reactor chambers to five levels (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 nL·L-1) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the presence (80 nL·L-1) or absence (0 nL·L-1) of ozone (O3) for 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 days. In the presence of O3, SO2 increased foliar injury in all three cultivars, but the impact was greatest for the most O3-sensitive cultivar, `Sugar Baby,' moderate for `Crimson Sweet,' and least for the least O3-sensitive cultivar, `Charleston Gray.' For all cultivars, SO2 intensified O3 suppression of leaf area for the first seven mainstem leaves and of dry weights for aboveground and total plant tissues. Root dry weight was independently suppressed by both pollutants, and the root: top ratio was linearly suppressed by SO2 alone. Sulfur dioxide combined with O3 can be detrimental to crop species such as watermelon. Thus, the potential for SO2 phytotoxicity should not be summarily dismissed, especially in the vicinity of SO2 point sources where O3 co-occurs.

scholarly journals Effects of neuraminidase on the regulation of erythropoiesis

Blood ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
VF LaRussa ◽  
F Sieber ◽  
LL Sensenbrenner ◽  
SJ Sharkis
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Colony Formation ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Marrow Cell ◽  
Colony Growth ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Marrow Cells

Abstract In this article, we present evidence that sialic acid-containing surface components play a role in the regulation of erythropoiesis. A 1- hr exposure of mouse bone marrow cells to high concentrations of neuraminidase reduced erythroid colony formation. Coculture of 10(6) untreated thymocytes with neuraminidase-treated bone marrow cells restored erythroid colony growth. Neuraminidase-treated thymocytes retained their ability to suppress erythroid colony formation by untreated marrow cells, but lost their ability to enhance erythroid colony formation. Continuous exposure to low concentrations of neuraminidase enhanced erythroid bone marrow cell colony growth in response to a suboptimal dose of erythropoietin.

The effect of cotton growth stage on response to a sublethal concentration of 2,4-D

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Buol ◽  
Daniel B. Reynolds ◽  
Darrin M. Dodds ◽  
J. Anthony Mills ◽  
Robert L. Nichols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sublethal Concentration ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Fiber Properties ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Auxin Herbicides

AbstractRecent commercialization of auxin herbicide–based weed control systems has led to increased off-target exposure of susceptible cotton cultivars to auxin herbicides. Off-target deposition of dilute concentrations of auxin herbicides can occur on cotton at any stage of growth. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Mississippi from 2014 to 2016 to assess the response of cotton at various growth stages after exposure to a sublethal 2,4-D concentration of 8.3 g ae ha−1. Herbicide applications occurred weekly from 0 to 14 weeks after emergence (WAE). Cotton exposure to 2,4-D at 2 to 9 WAE resulted in up to 64% visible injury, whereas 2,4-D exposure 5 to 6 WAE resulted in machine-harvested yield reductions of 18% to 21%. Cotton maturity was delayed after exposure 2 to 10 WAE, and height was increased from exposure 6 to 9 WAE due to decreased fruit set after exposure. Total hand-harvested yield was reduced from 2,4-D exposure 3, 5 to 8, and 13 WAE. Growth stage at time of exposure influenced the distribution of yield by node and position. Yield on lower and inner fruiting sites generally decreased from exposure, and yield partitioned to vegetative or aborted positions and upper fruiting sites increased. Reductions in gin turnout, micronaire, fiber length, fiber-length uniformity, and fiber elongation were observed after exposure at certain growth stages, but the overall effects on fiber properties were small. These results indicate that cotton is most sensitive to low concentrations of 2,4-D during late vegetative and squaring growth stages.

Effects of simulated acid fog on leaf acidification and injury development of pinto beans

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 918-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bytnerowicz ◽  
P. J. Temple ◽  
O. C. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Acid Fog ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Fog Deposition ◽  
Pinto Beans ◽  
Background Ions

Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. UI 111) were exposed for 8 h to simulated fog solutions made up of 2:1 nitric acid: sulfuric acid plus background ions, acidified to pH 3.2, 2.8, 2.4, and 2.0. Rate of fog deposition was ca. 1 mm h−1. Examination of visible foliar injury development, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination, and measurement of leaf extract pH were performed every 2 h. Both visual and SEM observations during exposure showed no change in leaf surface characteristics for plants exposed to pH 3.2 and 2.8 fog solutions but 1 week after pH 2.8 exposures, injury was seen on primary leaves and young trifoliate leaves. The first indications of injury at pH 2.4 were seen under SEM after 8 h of exposure. Foliar injury was apparent after only 2 h of exposure at pH 2.0 and severe acid necrosis developed after 24 h. Changes in acidity of leaf extracts were closely correlated with subsequent injury development. No changes were observed in extracts of plants exposed to pH 3.2 simulated fog compared with controls. After 8 h of exposure, leaf extracts of plants exposed to pH 2.8 fog had dropped 0.05 pH units. Plants exposed to pH 2.4 and pH 2.0 for 8 h had leaf extracts that were 0.12 and 0.18 pH units lower, respectively. Comparison of the three measured parameters of acid fog effects (visible injury development, SEM examination of leaf surfaces, and determination of leaf extract pH) showed extract pH to be a simple, quantifiable, and sensitive indicator of the negative effects of acid precipitation on plants.

Rat lung metabolism after 3 days of continuous exposure to 0.6 ppm ozone

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (2) ◽  
pp. E131-E136 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Bassett ◽  
E. Bowen-Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Enzyme ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Glucose Carbon ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Elevated Activity ◽  
14Co2 Production ◽  
Lactate Formation ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Continuous exposure of rats to low concentrations of ozone has previously been associated with enhanced metabolic enzyme activities, when measured in lung homogenates. In this study, metabolic rates were measured in intact perfused lungs with altered pathology brought about by 3 days continuous exposure to 0.6 ppm ozone. Increased metabolism of ozone-exposed lungs was indicated by a twofold enhancement in glucose utilization, associated with a 62% increase in lactate formation and a 166% increase in the rate of 14CO2 production from D-[U-14C]glucose from control values of 5.2 +/- 0.5 mumol lactate and 4.4 +/- 0.6 mumol 14CO2/h per lung (+/- SE, n = 4), respectively. Mitochondrial metabolism was separately assessed by measurements of 14CO2 production from [U-14C]-pyruvate, which was found not to be significantly altered by ozone exposure, although homogenate oxygen uptake in the presence of succinate was significantly enhanced by 57%. These changes in intermediary metabolism could be correlated with increased glucose carbon incorporation into lipid and elevated activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The observed elevated metabolic rates were consistent with the energy and synthetic needs of a lung during repair of ozone-induced damage.

Threshold levels for foliar injury to Populustremuloides by sulfur dioxide and ozone

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Karnosky
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Foliar Injury ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
Ozone Injury ◽  
Leaf Drop

The response of five Populustremuloides Michx. clones to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and ozone (O3) was studied in controlled fumigation chambers in the greenhouse. Threshold levels for foliar injury varied from clone to clone and were in the range of 0.35 to 0.65 ppm SO2 and 0.05 to 0.20 ppm O3 for 3-h exposures. Evidence was found for more-than-additive effects of the two pollutants when they were applied in combination.The most common symptoms for both SO2 and O3 injury were large bifacial chlorotic and necrotic areas which appeared within 20 to 48 h after fumigations. Sulfur dioxide injury rapidly bleached to a light tan color, whereas the O3 injury remained dark until leaf drop. Ozone injury also frequently extented across the veins, whereas SO2 injury usually did not.

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