The role of temperate zone forests in the global carbon cycle

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Armentano ◽  
C. W. Ralston
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Temperate Zone ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Annual Carbon ◽  
Limited Basis

Recent growth and harvest trends in commercial timberlands of the temperate zone suggest that these forests have been serving as a net sink for about 1.0 × 109 to 1.2 × 109 t of carbon annually over the past 3 decades. This is 20 to 60% of the annual carbon release from combustion of fossil fuels over the period, indicating that recovery transients in temperate zone forests apparently have been partially dampening the increase in atmospheric CO2 caused by fossil fuel combustion and tropical forest reduction. Net forest growth is occurring throughout the temperate zone with principal carbon sinks found in North America and in Siberia. Timber inventories for North America show an excess of growth over harvest equivalent to over 5 × 1015 g of C since the 1950. Limited data suggest that in Siberia there is a large stock of slowly growing conifers that are underexploited, forming a sink equivalent to that of North America. Reafforestation in western Europe has expanded forest area by 5% since World War II. Similar recovery may now be occurring in temperate Asia. Problems of data reliability, particularly for the U.S.S.R., and the limited basis for estimating carbon balance in entire forests, suggest a severalfold uncertainty in the carbon sink estimates.

scholarly journals SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL MICRO-DISTRICTS IN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA: 1950S - 1970S

2021 ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Andrii Markovskyi
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Post War

The article, based on previous research, presents a summary comparative analysis of factors and factors that directly influenced the formation and development of compact micro-district housing in the USSR, Eastern and Western Europe and North America in the postwar period. The emphasis is on comparing the initial factors and subsequent operation, "success" or "failure" of the relevant projects in terms of the experience of the coming decades, which is extrapolated to the current construction situation. The urgent need for the rapid resettlement of large numbers of new urban populations, induced by the rapid urbanization of the mid-twentieth century, in Europe and the USSR was greatly exacerbated by the great destruction of housing during World War II. In the Soviet Union, this housing crisis had a corresponding negative background since the early 1920s, which only increased over time. These factors, combined with the rapid development of the engineering and construction industry and the background of post-war technological progress, led to the appeal of both architectural and power elites to functionalism and modernism in residential development and the crystallization of the idea of mass construction of affordable multi-storey housing with social infrastructure, grouped into micro-districts. However, the difference in economic conditions between the market and planned economy, on the one hand, and historically formed social factors in Europe and North America, on the other, led to different results with similar construction techniques in style and conditions in the 1950s - 1960s (which received the common name "international style"). 

Conceptualizing and Mapping Informality

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-50
Author(s):  
Charles B. Roger
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Final Part ◽  
World War

This chapter explains how informal organizations are conceptualized in the book. It also maps temporal and geographic trends. It starts by explaining the idea of a formal international organization and uses this idea as a model to illustrate the contrasting features of informal organizations. The chapter then reviews what are called the distinct “functional properties” and “domestic implications” of formal and informal organizations, which are central for understanding the different theories that have been offered. The final part of the chapter explains how the concept of an informal organization has been operationalized and used to generate a database of informal institutions. Descriptive statistics are presented that help scholars to visualize the institutional terrain any theory of informality must explain. These reveal the extraordinary growth of informal organizations since the end of World War II, as well as the central role of states in North America and Western Europe in that growth.

NATO and Its Commentators: The First Five Years

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence S. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
United Nations ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ◽  
World War ◽  
Armed Attack ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

The signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949, gave rise to a number of books and articles on the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the volume of which will probably continue for some time. The treaty and the organization that it created represent the clearest challenge to Soviet expansionism since the end of World War II. Through this action twelve nations of North America and western Europe resolved to consider an armed attack against one member an attack against them all, and to create sufficient stiength within the alliance to deter potential aggressors. But NATO's continuing interest to commentators stems from reasons other than its value as a weapon against the spread of communism. To some writers NATO appears to be a stimulant that would revive a moribund United Nations, to others it is the beginning of a new kind of alliance unprecedented in history, to still others, it is a symbol of America's rejection of isolationism. So vague are some of the treaty's articles and so rapid has been the evolution of the organization that almost any observer could derive whatever meaning he wishes out of NATO's development.

scholarly journals Forest Carbon Sequestration, Pathogens and the Costs of the EU’s 2050 Climate Targets

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ing-Marie Gren ◽  
Abenezer Aklilu ◽  
Katarina Elofsson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Growth Function ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Forest Carbon ◽  
Climate Targets ◽  
Forest Carbon Sequestration ◽  
The Impact

Carbon sequestration is suggested as a low-cost option for climate change mitigation, the functioning of which can be threatened by pathogen infestation. This study calculates the effects of infectious pathogens on the cost of achieving the EU’s 2050 climate targets by combining the so-called production function method with the replacement cost method. Pathogens are then assumed to affect carbon sink enhancement through the impact on productivity of forest land, and carbon sequestration is valued as the replacement for costly reductions in emissions from fossil fuels for reaching the EU’s 2050 climate targets. To this end, we have constructed a numerical dynamic optimization model with a logistic forest growth function, a simple allometric representation of the spread of pathogens in forests, and reductions in emissions from fossil fuels. The results show that the annual value of forest carbon sequestration ranges between approximately 6.4 and 14.9 billion Euros, depending on the impact and dispersal of pathogens. Relatively large values are obtained for countries with large emissions from fossil fuels, e.g., Germany, France, Spain and Italy, which also face costs of pathogen together with countries with large forest area, such as Romania.

A Worldwide Historical Perspective on Co-operatives and Their Evolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Zamagni
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
World War ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
General Account ◽  
The Web

The birth of co-operatives in Europe in the middle of the nineteenth century shaped this form of enterprise by differentiating it from the established capitalist one, both in terms of internal organization and in terms of sectors of activity. This chapter highlights first the process of diffusion of co-operatives in the nineteenth century by grouping them into models—consumer, worker, financial, and rural co-operatives—that formed the pillars of the movement. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the novelties that emerged after World War II, especially social co-operatives and service co-operatives, giving a general account of developments of co-operation in Western Europe, North America, and Japan. A final glance of the new opportunities offered for co-operation through the Web is offered.

Epilogue

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek J. Penslar
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
World War ◽  
At Home

This epilogue argues that over the century and a half, from the French revolutionary wars to World War II, Jews in military service were carriers of multiple, overlapping, and at times clashing identities. They often felt a sincere, profound attachment to their homeland and fought with no sense of qualitative difference from their countrymen. Believing that their homeland epitomized toleration and respect for human dignity, Jews in western Europe and North America defined their countries' wars as Jewish wars. Moreover, Jews celebrated their men in uniform not only for their virility and bravery, not only for fulfilling their patriotic duty, but also for boldly asserting their religious particularism. The Jewish soldier at a Sabbath service in the field or a synagogue at home brought glory to his community not simply because he donned his uniform and decorations but because he did so while occupying a manifestly Jewish space.

Labor’s Cold Warriors: The American Federation of Labor and “Free Trade Unionism” in Cold War Japan

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Gerteis
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Intelligence Agency ◽  
United States Government ◽  
American Federation Of Labor ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
American Federation

AbstractDuring the 1950s, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) led a global covert attempt to suppress left-led labor movements in Western Europe, the Mediterranean, West Africa, Central and South America, and East Asia. American union leaders argued that to survive the Cold War, they had to demonstrate to the United States government that organized labor was not part-and-parcel with Soviet communism. The AFL’s global mission was placed in care of Jay Lovestone, a founding member of the American Communist Party in 1921 and survivor of decades of splits and internecine battles over allegiance to one faction or another in Soviet politics before turning anti-Communist and developing a secret relation with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after World War II. Lovestone’s idea was that the AFL could prove its loyalty by helping to root out Communists from what he perceived to be a global labor movement dominated by the Soviet Union. He was the CIA’s favorite Communist turned anti-Communist.

scholarly journals Decolonization, the Cold War, and Africans’ routes to higher education overseas, 1957–65

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-191
Author(s):  
Eric Burton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cold War ◽  
North America ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
African Students ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Gain Access

AbstractFrom the late 1950s, Africans seeking higher education went to a rapidly increasing number of destinations, both within Africa and overseas. Based on multi-sited archival research and memoirs, this article shows how Africans forged and used new routes to gain access to higher education denied to them in their territories of origin, and in this way also shaped scholarship policies across the globe. Focusing on British-ruled territories in East Africa, the article establishes the importance of African intermediaries and independent countries as hubs of mobility. The agency of students and intermediaries, as well as official responses, are examined in three interconnected cases: the clandestine ‘Nile route’ from East Africa to Egypt and eastern Europe; the ‘airlifts’ from East Africa to North America; and the ‘exodus’ of African students from the Eastern bloc to western Europe. Although all of these routes were short-lived, they transformed official scholarship provisions, and significantly shaped the postcolonial period in the countries of origin.

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