Rate of defoliation of balsam fir in relation to spruce budworm attack and timing of spray application

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Robert Blais
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Progressive Damage ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High

Studies were conducted in 1976 and 1977 to determine feeding behaviour and progressive damage to balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) throughout the larval feeding period of the spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana Clem.).Four plots had high populations of approximately 30 larvae and four had very high populations of over 100 larvae per 45-cm branch tip at peak L2. In early spring emerging second-instar larvae mined needles of old foliage; few buds were attacked prior to third instar. Defoliation of current year's growth was between 70 and 80% in plots with high populations and close to 100% in those with very high populations. In the high-population plots the 25% level of foliage destruction occurred close to peak fifth instar and the 50% level just before peak sixth instar. In plots with very high populations 25% defoliation occurred close to peak third instar and 50% defoliation close to peak fourth instar. The relationship between defoliation patterns and best timing of insecticide application is discussed.

scholarly journals THE VULNERABILITY OF BALSAM FIR TO SPRUCE BUDWORM ATTACK IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AGE OF THE TREE

1958 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Northwestern Ontario ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relative Vulnerability

The annual defoliation by spruce budworm and the progressive mortality of balsam fir trees were recorded in nine study plots in northwestern Ontario over a period of 11 years. In addition to general observations on the relationship of tree mortality to defoliation, some information was obtained on the relative vulnerability of the trees with respect to size, physiological age (flowering condition), and vigor (site quality).

scholarly journals SPRUCE BUDWORM DAMAGE TO BALSAM FIR IN IMMATURE STANDS, QUEBEC

1964 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Hatcher
Keyword(s):  
Minor Component ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Cover Type ◽  
Area Reduction ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Very High ◽  
Diameter Classes

A study was made of the effect of the 1945-1957 spruce budworm infestation on 1,800 acres of spruce-fir and spruce-fir-hardwood forest logged for pulpwood about 15 years prior to the infestation.The number of fir trees was reduced 64 per cent between 1951 and 1961 in the main cover type representing 69 per cent of the forest; fir was reduced from a major stand component of 45 per cent by volume to a minor component of 11 per cent. The basal area reduction of fir varied directly with the fir basal area at the time of the outbreak. Losses were very high in stands containing over 20 sq. ft. of fir per acre.These young stands did not exhibit the degree of resistance to damage often observed in young stands elsewhere. But in spite of heavy losses through all diameter classes, the amount of spruce and fir regeneration that survived to 1961 is believed adequate to produce a pulpwood crop within 60 years.

CONTACT AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF LOW-VOLUME DOSAGES OF PHOSPHAMIDON TO CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON TWO SPECIES OF CONIFERS

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1051-1054
Author(s):  
J. F. Stewart ◽  
N. R. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Low Volume

AbstractA series of low-volume spray treatments were conducted to study the contact and residual effect of two concentrations of the insecticide phosphamidon to fourth instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill, and red spruce, Picea rubens Sarg. Treatment of sprayed larvae on sprayed trees, unsprayed larvae on sprayed trees, and sprayed larvae on unsprayed trees, resulted in two principal conclusions: (a) Higher concentrations of phosphamidon (1% versus 0.5% active) accelerated mortality in all instances and (b) no statistical difference (P = 0.1%) was found in the final mortalities between treatments in which only the foliage was treated and where both larvae and foliage were treated with phosphamidon.

scholarly journals A RECENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAK IN THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE AND GASPE PENINSULA WITH REFERENCE TO AERIAL SPRAYING OPERATIONS

1960 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais ◽  
R. Martineau
Keyword(s):  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Natural Control ◽  
Insect Abundance ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control Factors ◽  
Aerial Spraying ◽  
Eventual Collapse ◽  
Gaspe Peninsula

The main topics discussed in this paper are: the progress of the spruce budworm outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence - Gaspé regions from 1949 to 1956; the areas sprayed between 1954 and 1958; timing of spray application in relation to insect abundance and development; effects of treatment on spruce budworm populations and on defoliation of balsam fir; results of aerial defoliation surveys and egg surveys; estimated amounts of wood destroyed by the insect, and losses averted through spraying; the various natural control factors associated with the decline and the eventual collapse of the outbreak.

MORTALITY, FEEDING INHIBITION, AND RECOVERY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAE FOLLOWING AERIAL APPLICATION OF A HIGH-POTENCY FORMULATION OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI

2000 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees van Frankenhuyzen ◽  
Carl Nystrom ◽  
John Dedes ◽  
Vern Seligy
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Spray Deposition ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Aerial Application ◽  
Feeding Inhibition

AbstractA larval population of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was monitored for 5 d following aerial application of a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki to investigate dose acquisition and expression (larval mortality, recovery, feeding, and growth) in relation to spray deposition and persistence of spray deposits. The main objective was to test if previous laboratory observations on how B. thuringiensis affects feeding and dose ingestion by spruce budworm larvae hold true under field conditions. About 40% of the treated population ingested a lethal dose within 1 d after spray application. Lethally dosed larvae died without further feeding upon transfer from treated foliage to (untreated) artificial diet. Resumption of feeding by larvae that survived the treatment was delayed relative to larvae from the control population during 3 d following spray application; during that time, normal feeding activity and larval weight gain were suppressed. Inhibited feeding by survivors appeared to prevent further dose uptake because the proportion of lethally dosed larvae in daily collections did not increase despite significant residual spray deposits in budworm feeding sites. Restoration of "normal" recovery times by the fourth day coincided with a 65–85% reduction in persistence of the pathogen on the foliage and did not result in further lethal dose acquisition, as treatment-induced mortality dropped to about 20% on the 4th and 5th days. The observations are consistent with previous laboratory observations of how B. thuringiensis affects larval feeding and with the hypothesis that feeding inhibition may be a limiting factor in the acquisition of a lethal dose.

scholarly journals AERIAL APPLICATION OF INSECTICIDES AND THE SUPPRESSION OF INCIPIENT SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS

1961 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Early Treatment ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Wind Dispersal ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Aerial Application

The aerial application of insecticides against spruce budworm outbreaks is now a common practice. The measure had always been applied in outbreaks covering more or less extensive areas until 1960 when an opportunity was provided of spraying a small incipient infestation in the Lower St. Lawrence region of the Province of Quebec. It was hoped that early treatment might suppress the infestation and prevent its spread. Although the operation was successful in greatly reducing insect numbers in the area treated, it failed to arrest the infestation. Wind dispersal of first- and second-instar larvae prior to spray application resulted in the spread of the infestation beyond the area delimited for treatment. Also, the warm and dry weather in the spring of 1960, and the abundance of staminate flowers on the balsam fir and spruce trees greatly favoured larval survival. The aerial application of insecticides as a method of suppressing incipient spruce budworm outbreaks is discussed in the light of these results.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA, CLEM.) TO THE FLOWERING CONDITION OF BALSAM FIR (ABIES BALSAMEA (L.) MILL.)

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Populations of the spruce budworm were studied on flowering and nonflowering balsam fir trees. Generally more eggs were found on the flowering trees. The flowering balsam fir trees were found to harbor higher populations in the early larval stages owing to the presence on these trees of staminate flowers and flower cups. The behavior of the larvae in relation to staminate flowers and flower cups was studied in both the field and the laboratory. Larvae that fed partially on pollen developed more rapidly than larvae that fed exclusively on foliage. Pollen as a food did not appear to have any direct effect on survival or fecundity. Other experiments showed that mortality was higher, development retarded, and fecundity reduced in insects forced to feed on old foliage in contrast with those fed on the current year's growth. Defoliation was more severe on flowering trees in the earlier stages of the infestation. However, as populations increased, wandering increased owing to competition for food. This resulted in an overflow of larvae from flowering to nonflowering trees.

TAFSIR AYAT-AYAT ZAKAT SEBAGAI PENGUAT KONSEP FILANTROPI EKONOMI KEUMMATAN (Tafsir Verses Of Zakat As The Booster Of Public Economic Philanthropy Concept)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-137
Author(s):  
Mustaqim Makki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Relationship With God ◽  
Public Economic ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Vertical Relationship ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Very High ◽  
Functional Content

Zakat merupakan salah satu sendi pokok ajaran Islam. Urgensi zakat yang merupakan anjuran agama Islam untuk menunaikan zakat dan memberikannya kepada yang berhak dengan ketentuan mencapai nishabnya, (kadar minimum harta tertentu) mempunyai nilai sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan manusia. Seorang insan yang sarat akan segala permasalahan pada fitrahnya menuntut untuk selalu berinteraksi kepada sesama, baik berupa materi maupun non materi. Zakat merupakan maliyah ijtima’iyyah yang mengandung nilai-nilai filantropi yang sangat tinggi, karena ketika mengaplikasikan kewajiban zakat kita telah membantu sesama serta mengurangi kesenjangan yang disebabkan beberapa sifat manusia diantaranya adalah sifat kikir, dengki dan iri hati. Menguatnya kembali harapan banyak kalangan terhadap implementasi filantropi Islam, baik dalam bentuk zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf, memiliki keterkaitan erat dengan kondisi bangsa yang belum sepenuhnya bangkit dari keterpurukan sebagai dampak dari krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan. Kondisi ini berakibat kesenjangan penguasaan perekonomian antar warga negara menjadi kian lebar. Pada saat itulah, ziswaf (zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf) kembali dilirik dan diharapkan menjadi alternatif solusi terhadap problem kemiskinan umat. Manusia sebagai khalifah fil ardh dalam Al Qurán menekankan muatan fungsional yang harus diemban oleh manusia dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas kesejarahan dalam kehidupannya di muka bumi. Kaitan dengan konsep tersebut, ada dua fungsi manusia. Pertama: Manusia sebagai hamba (ábid), dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara vertikal dalam hal ini hubungannya dengan ketuhanan (Teologis). Kedua adalah manusia sebagai khalifah, dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara horizontal dalam hal ini hubungan terhadap manusia.Kata kunci: tafsir ayat zakat, filantropi, ekonomi keummatanAbstract:Zakat is one of the main points of Islamic teachings. The urgency of zakat which is suggested by Islam to fulfill and give it to those who are referred to with the provisions to reach their nishab, (minimum level of certain assets) has a very significant value in human life. A person who is full of all problems in his/her natural demands will always get interaction with other people, either material or non-material. Zakat is maliyah ijtima’iyyah which contains very high philanthropic values, because when applying the obligation of zakat we have helped others and reduced the gaps caused by some human traits including miser, jealousy and envy. The reinforcement of the expectations (estimation) from any levels on the implementation of Islamic philanthropy, which in the form of zakat, donation, alms and endowments, has a close relationship with the condition of the country that has not fully risen from bad economic adversity due to economic crisis. This condition causes a widening of the economic mastery among the citizens. At that moment, ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf) was again given a serious attentition and expected to be an alternative solution to the problem of poverty among citizens. Humans as khalifah fil ardh in the Qur'an emphasize the functional content that must be carried by humans in carrying out historical tasks in their lives on earth. In accordance with this concept, there are two human functions. First: Humans as servants (ábid), are required to succeed in establishing a vertical relationship in this case the relationship with God (Theological). Second, humans as caliphs, are required to succeed in establishing horizontal relationships in this case the relationship to humans.

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