Geographic variation in balsam fir: 11-year results in the Lake States

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Lester ◽  
C. A. Mohn ◽  
J. W. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Lake States ◽  
Phenotypic Instability ◽  
Seed Provenance

Up to 60 balsam fir provenances were evaluated at five locations in the Lake States at an age of 11 years from seed. Provenance effects were statistically significant at each location and, in general, eastern provenances were taller and produced more branches than western ones, while the initiation of shoot elongation followed a latitudinal gradient, with earliest flushing among provenances from north of 49° N. There were large differences, however, between some provenances from the same state or province. Provenance-plantation interaction was present in all tested combinations of plantations, but no geographic pattern of phenotypic instability was found. The observed results may reflect a geographic pattern of high vigor in eastern provenances confounded by effects of spring frost mediated through phenology of shoot elongation. Certain provenances have the desirable combination of vigor and late flushing.

Variation in seedling development of balsam fir associated with seed origin

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Lester
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Total Height ◽  
Growth Initiation ◽  
Seed Origin ◽  
Old Trees

Measurements of total height and frequency of frost damage on 5-year-old trees demonstrated moderate to large variation associated with seed origin. Total height was measured at three nurseries in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Frost damage was measured at one nursery in central Wisconsin. The tallest seedlings were from eastern provenances. The seedlings least damaged by spring frost were from Wisconsin and Michigan provenances. Periodic measurements of shoot elongation indicated that variation in rate of elongation was the chief determinant of variation in total shoot elongation. Variation in time of shoot growth initiation was one cause of observed variation in frequency of frost damage. Variation among maternal progenies from six populations in Wisconsin and Michigan was similar to variation among range-wide provenances.

Promoting bud development in balsam fir Christmas trees with 6-benzylaminopurine

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
Carrier Solution ◽  
Mineral Deficiency ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Christmas Trees ◽  
Lateral Buds

The entire crown of variously fertilized, unsheared Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. trees was sprayed once or twice weekly for 2, 4, or 8 weeks with an aqueous solution of 0 or 600 mg 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) L−1 containing 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide, 13.5% methanol, and 0.1% Tween 20, starting at different times during the period of shoot elongation. In the year of application, BAP inhibited the elongation of the current-year shoot, increased the number of lateral buds formed on this shoot, and induced lammas growth. Both BAP and the carrier solution caused some phytotoxicity in current-year needles. Responses to BAP treatment varied markedly with genotype, whorl position, and time of application, and decreased with mineral deficiency, and decreasing BAP dosage. After overwintering, many of the BAP-induced lateral buds elongated, resulting in an increased number of shoots, hence in a denser crown.

scholarly journals Geographic variation in thermal physiological performance of the intertidal crab Petrolisthes violaceus along a latitudinal gradient

2014 ◽  
Vol 217 (24) ◽  
pp. 4379-4386 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Gaitan-Espitia ◽  
L. D. Bacigalupe ◽  
T. Opitz ◽  
N. A. Lagos ◽  
T. Timmermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Physiological Performance ◽  
Intertidal Crab

A METHOD OF PHENOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR USE IN FOREST INSECT STUDIES

1956 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Morris ◽  
F. E. Webb ◽  
C. W. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Correct Sequence ◽  
Insect Sampling ◽  
Selection Of

To ensure correct sequence in the timing of insect sampling or control operations over a large forest area it is desirable to know what phenological differences may be expected. Measurements of shoot elongation provide a simple and objective method for comparing a large number of phenological stations in one season. By this method one or more reference stations have to be visited weekly to permit the plotting of growth curves, but the great majority of the stations have to be visited only twice a year. At any one station the major source of variance in cumulative shoot growth on a given date is between trees and the optimum allocation of sampling resources will usually be based on the selection of one shoot per tree and 10 or more trees of balsam fir per station. The variance is greater for cherry and larger samples are necessary.

Production, storage, and use of photosynthate during shoot elongation in balsam fir (Abies balsamea)

1973 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1161-1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Loach ◽  
C. H. A. Little
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Extension Growth ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Photosynthetic Production ◽  
Intermediate Time

Rates of net photosynthesis and dark respiration of 1-year-old and currently developing foliage were measured in the uppermost (i.e. 1-year-old) whorl of branches of 6-year-old balsam fir trees (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) during the period of extension growth of the current shoot. The rates were integrated to estimate net dry matter production by the two ages of foliage, and compared with dry matter requirements for growth of the new shoot (estimated from a regression equation of length over dry weight), and with cambial growth in the 1-year-old shoot (estimated from periodic harvests). The surplus of production over use in these two sinks was stored temporarily in the 1-year-old foliage or exported from the branch, the latter predominating. Two periods in which a large proportion of the photosynthetic production was exported (corresponding roughly to the months of May and July) were separated by a period when export was relatively low. At this intermediate time, current photosynthetic production was minimal and local growth demands were at their highest. Photosynthates stored in the 1-year-old foliage before budbreak supplemented current photosynthesis and permitted export to continue, except for a few days at the end of June. The contribution from stores in the old foliage, however, never exceeded one-third of current photosynthetic production. When extension growth terminated, a second transient storage peak occurred in the 1-year-old foliage for about 2 weeks. These observations explain the commonly observed reduction in root growth during current shoot extension, and corroborate results from studies made by other investigators using radioactive tracers.

Geographic Variation in Clutch Size in the Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus): Support for Ashmole's Hypothesis

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter D. Koenig
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
Northern Flicker ◽  
Colaptes Auratus

Abstract The Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), a common hole-nesting North American woodpecker, exhibits a highly significant latitudinal increase in clutch size. Using preserved clutches and information on climatic conditions and breeding densities of confamilial species, I examined the hypothesis that this geographic trend is the result of seasonal fluctuations in resources ("Ashmole's hypothesis"; Ashmole 1961, 1963; Ricklefs 1980). Clutch size is significantly correlated both with the ratio of summer productivity to estimated breeding densities of all woodpecker species and with the ratio of summer to winter productivity, supporting Ashmole's hypothesis. In addition, a substantial portion of the latitudinal gradient can be directly explained by the seasonality of resources, primarily because of an inverse correlation between clutch size and winter productivity. These results provide the first corroboration of Ashmole's hypothesis from an examination of intraspecific clutch-size variation and suggest that geographic trends in fecundity in some cases may be largely attributable to trends in seasonal fluctuations of resources.

Early summer frost hardiness in Picea abies seedlings in response to photoperiod treatment

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 2966-2973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halvor Rostad ◽  
Aksel Granhus ◽  
Inger Sundheim Fløistad ◽  
Svein Morgenlie
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Frost Hardiness ◽  
Freezing Injury ◽  
Spring Frost

According to previous studies, short-day (SD) treatment may increase frost hardiness in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings during shoot elongation the next year. The purpose of this study was to examine how timing of the SD treatment affects spring frost hardiness. The following four treatments were applied in the first growth period: natural photoperiod (Nat), or SD treatment (8 h light : 16 h dark) either 14–28 July (SD1), 28 July – 11 August (SD2), or 11–20 August (SD3). After 125 days in cold storage (October–January), the seedlings were transferred to forcing conditions (20–25 °C, 24 h light) followed by freezing tests at –3, –5, –7, and –9 °C when most seedlings had reached bud break stage 7 (Krutzsch index). Seedling height measurements and analyses of carbohydrate status, nitrogen concentration, and dry mass of needles after cold storage were done to examine the treatments' impact on seedling quality. SD treatment reduced visual freezing injury to current- and first-year shoots. Mortality occurred at –7 and –9 °C and was significantly higher in the Nat and SD1 treatments (43% in both) than in the SD2 (23%) and SD3 (15%) treatments. Seedlings from the late SD treatments also showed better height growth and developed more shoots from dormant buds after freezing to –3 and –5 °C. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the importance of proper timing of the SD treatment in relation to the seedlings' natural growth rhythm.

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