The Occurrence of Hybrid Swarms of Red and Black Spruces in Central New Brunswick

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. M. Manley
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Selection Pressure ◽  
Parental Species ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Site Preferences ◽  
Hybrid Swarms ◽  
Respective Characteristic ◽  
The Ideal

The data obtained by rating 50 plots in red × black spruce populations throughout central New Brunswick with a hybrid index indicate that red and black spruces have hybridized extensively. In the New Brunswick Lowland, gentle slopes and flat uplands form a continuum between characteristic habitats, permitting extensive contact between the two species. Where a considerable zone of contact was present, hybrid populations were established. Selection pressure is apparently strong, for despite the ideal opportunities for contact and the fertility of the hybrids, parental species remain phenotypically pure in their respective characteristic habitats (as far as these could be defined). The composition of hybrid populations was related to the extent of resemblance of 'intermediate' sites to parental site preferences. Introgressed black spruce predominated in hybrid populations, possibly due to the overriding influence of disturbances such as fire, logging, and damage to red spruce types by spruce budworm.

A provenance test of red spruce in nine environments in eastern Canada

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Morgenstern ◽  
A. G. Corriveau ◽  
D. P. Fowler
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Brunswick ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Introgressive Hybridization ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Provenance Test ◽  
Seed Origin

Survival and total height of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) at ages 15 and 22 years from seed are reported. Twelve provenances distributed from North Carolina to Quebec were grown in three experiments each in Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick; seven additional provenances were only partially represented. Variance, correlation, and regression analyses were made. Results at both ages were very similar. Provenance differences in survival were small at individual sites and significant only when the results from all nine sites were combined. Provenance differences in height were well expressed and significant in each of the three groups of tests, with northern provenances growing best. Several provenances were also relatively stable and performed well from site to site. Correlation and regression analyses showed that variation in height was more closely related to the degree of introgressive hybridization with black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) than to latitude, elevation, or precipitation at the place of seed origin. These results were conditioned by development on open sites which are not typical red spruce sites.In contrast with expectations when the study was initiated, it is now apparent that provenances from the southern Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia and North Carolina are less variable than expected and not suitable for reforestation in Canada.

Genetic variation of red spruce in the Maritimes

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 703-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Fowler ◽  
Y. S. Park ◽  
A. G. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Origin ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Variation Pattern ◽  
Breeding Zone

Red spruce, Picearubens Sarg., from 30 provenances was tested over a 23-year period at six locations in the Maritimes Region of Canada. Twenty-eight of the provenances were from the Maritimes Region and two were from West Virginia. Hybrid index was used to distinguish pure red spruce from red–black spruce derivatives. Trees from three of the Maritimes provenances were considered to be of hybrid origin. These three provenances produced the fastest-growing trees in the tests. The genetic variation pattern, at the provenance level, in pure red spruce of Maritimes origin is not well defined. Use of seed from provenances identified as superior for reforestation would result in about 10% greater height and diameter growth than would be obtained from average seed. The use of seed of poor provenances could result in a corresponding loss of growth. Height at ages 10, 15, and 23 years and diameter at age 23 years were all strongly correlated, suggesting that superior provenances of red spruce can be identified at age 10. The Maritimes Region can be considered as a single breeding zone for tree improvement efforts with red spruce.

Causality in mortality patterns of spruce trees during a spruce budworm outbreak

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-638 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Osawa
Keyword(s):  
Species Complex ◽  
Close Relationships ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spruce Mortality

Patterns of tree mortality in the species complex of red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) and their possible hybrids that developed during a spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) outbreak in Maine, U.S.A., were analyzed in relation to five hypotheses of their causal mechanisms. The observed patterns of spruce mortality were primarily a result of the phenotypic variation among the spruces. Close relationships among the mean hybrid index of spruce trees in a plot and such stand variables as balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) basal area and drainage index are likely to have created coincidental correlations between tree mortality and those variables that do not necessarily reflect causality.

Morphometric, allometric, and developmentally adaptive traits in red spruce and black spruce. II. Seedling and mature tree assessment of controlled intra- and inter-specific hybrids

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E Major ◽  
Alex Mosseler ◽  
Debby C Barsi ◽  
Moira Campbell ◽  
Om P Rajora
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Male Parent ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Mature Tree ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Species Effect

The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic nature of morphometric, allometric, and developmental traits in controlled intra- and inter-specific hybrid crosses of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP). We examined 1-year-old greenhouse-grown seedlings and 22-year-old mature trees that were part of the same set of controlled crosses performed in the early 1970s. Seed weight had a strong female species effect. Mean cotyledon number and germination time had a very strong hybrid index effect. F1 interspecific hybrids showed negative heterosis in mature tree height, whereas hybrid index 25, a black spruce backcross, produced positive heterosis for seedling and mature tree height growth. Correlations of mean height of seedlings with mean height of mature trees on two sites were remarkably high (r = 0.918 and r = 0.968) when tested by hybrid index. Any cross having black spruce as the female or male parent had significantly higher height growth than those with red spruce as either female or male parent. Of the five hybrid indices, hybrid index 0 (black spruce) had the highest biomass allocation to stem wood and hybrid index 100 (red spruce) had the highest allocation to roots.

Negative heterosis not apparent in 22-year-old hybrids of Picea mariana and Picea rubens

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt H Johnsen ◽  
John E Major ◽  
Judy Loo ◽  
Donald McPhee
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Hybrid Index ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Hybrid Class ◽  
Old Trees

Work from the 1970s indicated that, relative to either parent species, crosses between red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) were inferior with respect to both growth and photosynthesis. We re-examined the hypothesis that there is negative heterosis in hybrids of red and black spruce using 22-year-old trees in a common garden study planted on two sites. The trees were the product of controlled crossings and represent a continuum from hybrid class 0 (pure black spruce) to hybrid class 1 (pure red spruce). Progeny of all controlled crosses were measured for height and diameter. A subset of families were measured for gas exchange and were assessed using a hybrid index based on needle color, needle configuration, twig ridges, twig bark color, vegetative bud color, and cone scale morphology. Tree growth rate linearly declined with the increasing proportion of red spruce germplasm (increasing hybrid index). In 1994, intermediate hybrid index classes did not differ in gas exchange from either pure black spruce (hybrid index class 0) or pure red spruce (hybrid index class 1), and in 1996, hybrids displayed slightly higher rates of gas exchange. Thus, negative heterosis was not apparent in 22-year-old trees. Individual tree hybrid index generally agreed with expectation based on midparent means, although the relationship was stronger on the higher productivity site (r2 = 0.91) than the poorer productivity site (r2 = 0.54).Key words: black spruce, heterosis, hybrid, photosynthesis, red spruce.

scholarly journals Norway Spruce Provenance Experiments in the Maritimes Region of Canada

1980 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Fowler ◽  
J. F. Coles
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Prince Edward Island ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Provenance Trials ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
General Survival ◽  
Northeastern Poland ◽  
The Baltic

Results from ten provenance trials of Norway spruce in the Maritimes Region are reviewed. Norway spruce from eastern Poland and from mid-elevations in the Sudeten and Carpathian Mountains of northern Poland can be expected to perform well when planted over a wide range of sites in central and southern New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia. Norway spruce from east of the Baltic Sea, i.e., northeastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, western Russia and White Russia is recommended for northern New Brunswick. These same provenances are recommended for use in Great Lakes — St. Lawrence Region of Quebec and Ontario.Survival and growth rate of Norway spruce are compared to that of native spruce species. In general, survival of black and Norway spruce was the same and exceeded that of white and red spruce. Black spruce was taller than Norway which was taller than white and red spruce in most tests. It is suggested that growth of Norway spruce will exceed that of native spruces over rotations of 40-50 years.

The use of electrical capacitance to determine growth and vigor of spruce and fir trees and stands in New Brunswick

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 587-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Glenn MacDougall ◽  
David A. MacLean ◽  
Robert G. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Electrical Capacitance ◽  
Capacitance Measurements ◽  
Tree Data ◽  
Amplifier Design ◽  
Capacitance Meter ◽  
Tree Characteristics

A capacitance meter based on an integrating operational amplifier design was used to measure electrical capacitance of over 3400 trees in 90 spruce–fir stands in New Brunswick. Trends of capacitance were compared with trends of tree growth, tree characteristics, and defoliation by spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)). Capacitance differed among tree species, with balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) and white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) having generally higher values than red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.). Capacitance also decreased with crown class and with increasing cumulative defoliation. Correlations between tree growth and capacitance ranged from about 0.6 to 0.7 for tree data, and 0.6 to 0.9 for stand data. Regressions between mean growth per stand and mean capacitance explained about 40 to 70% of the variability in growth. These results indicate that it is practical to use electrical capacitance measurements to assess tree growth and vigor.

Some Relationships Between Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Spruces in New Brunswick

1966 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter W. Price
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Frequent Occurrence ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Host Tree

AbstractComparative studies on breeding and survival of Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) in black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., red spruce, P. rubens Sarg, and white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, indicate that red spruce is the most favourable host. The thicker, more scaly bark of red spruce and the less frequent occurrence of competition for bark space and food by other organisms are considered as contributory to the success of beetles in this host tree.

Natural hybridization between black spruce and red spruce

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 725-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Perron ◽  
J. Bousquet
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Natural Hybridization

Individual height–diameter models for young black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plantations in New Brunswick, Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangdong Lei ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Haiyan Wang ◽  
Xiaolu Zhou
Keyword(s):  
New Brunswick ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Tolerance Intervals ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Historically, height–diameter models have mainly been developed for mature trees; consequently, few height–diameter models have been calibrated for young forest stands. In order to develop equations predicting the height of trees with small diameters, 46 individual height–diameter models were fitted and tested in young black spruce (Picea mariana) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) plantations between the ages of 4 to 8 years, measured from 182 plots in New Brunswick, Canada. The models were divided into 2 groups: a diameter group and a second group applying both diameter and additional stand- or tree-level variables (composite models). There was little difference in predicting tree height among the former models (Group I) while the latter models (Group II) generally provided better prediction. Based on goodness of fit (R2and MSE), prediction ability (the bias and its associated prediction and tolerance intervals in absolute and relative terms), and ease of application, 2 Group II models were recommended for predicting individual tree heights within young black spruce and jack pine forest stands. Mean stand height was required for application of these models. The resultant tolerance intervals indicated that most errors (95%) associated with height predictions would be within the following limits (a 95% confidence level): [-0.54 m, 0.54 m] or [-14.7%, 15.9%] for black spruce and [-0.77 m, 0.77 m] or [-17.1%, 18.6%] for jack pine. The recommended models are statistically reliable for growth and yield applications, regeneration assessment and management planning. Key words: composite model, linear model, model calibration, model validation, prediction interval, tolerance interval

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