Mortality of hybrid triploid aspen in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1304-1307 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Enebak ◽  
G.W. Wyckoff ◽  
B. Li ◽  
M.E. Ostry
Keyword(s):  
High Mortality ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Oceanic Region ◽  
Specific Hybrid ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Tetraploid Parent

In eight field trials in Upper Michigan and Wisconsin, mortality of hybrid triploid aspen (Populustremuloides Michx. × Populustremula L.) was 93% by age 25, which was nearly twice that of native diploid and triploid aspen. Symptoms of decline observed on individuals of the hybrid triploid families included branch dieback, thinning crowns, and eventually tree death. The fungus Lahmiakunzei (Koerb.) (syn. Parkerellapopuli (Funk)) was found associated with a number of families from one specific hybrid triploid cross (T-1-58 × Ta-10). Symptoms of rough, black bark developed on 3% of the trees from this particular cross 10 years after planting and increased to 92% at age 25. Neighboring hybrid diploids of P. tremuloides × P. tremula and native triploids and diploids neither exhibited rough bark symptoms associated with L. kunzei nor showed symptoms of decline like those observed on the hybrid triploids. Mortality of native triploids and diploids in these trials was 41% and 58%, respectively, which was primarily caused by hypoxylon canker. Thinning crowns caused by branch dieback and tree mortality without the presence of L. kunzei has been common on the male tetraploid parent (Ta-10) in clone banks and seed orchards in Minnesota and Wisconsin. This parent was collected from an oceanic region near Ekebo, Sweden, and it, along with its hybrid progeny, appear to be poorly adapted to the climate of Upper Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, resulting in the high mortality of the hybrid triploids in these trials. The origin of the fungus L. kunzei and the nature of its specificity to T-1-58 × Ta-10 hybrid triploid cross are unknown.

Field performance and early test results of offspring from two Norway spruce seed orchards containing clones transferred to warmer climates

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 515-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore Skrøppa ◽  
Ketil Kohmann ◽  
Øystein Johnsen ◽  
Arne Steffenrem ◽  
Øyvind M. Edvardsen
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Low Altitude ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Seed Crops

We present results from early tests and field trials of offspring from two Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seed orchards containing clones that have been transferred from high altitudes to sea level and from northern to southern latitudes. Seedlings from seeds produced in the low-altitude seed orchard developed frost hardiness later at the end of the growth season, flushed later in field trials, and grew taller than seedlings from seeds produced in natural stands. They had the lowest mortality rate and the lowest frequency of injuries in the field trials. Similar results were observed in seedlings from seeds produced in the southern seed orchard. We found no adverse effects of the changed growth rhythm. Seedlings from two seed crops in the southern orchard, produced in years with a warm and a cold summer, had different annual growth rhythms. The results are explained mainly by the effects of the climatic conditions during the reproductive phase. Seed crops from different years in the same seed orchard may produce seedlings that perform as if they were from different provenances. It is argued that the effects of the climatic conditions during seed production must contribute to the variation among provenances of Norway spruce.

Evaluation of pruning wound protection products for the management of almond canker diseases in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Amanda Holland ◽  
Renaud Travadon ◽  
Daniel P. Lawrence ◽  
Mohamed Taieb Nouri ◽  
Florent P Trouillas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Almond trunk and branch canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree mortality in California. Numerous fungal pathogens have been associated with these canker diseases and pruning wounds act as major infection courts. Prior to this study, there were no products registered in California for the management of these diseases. In this study, fungicidal products including synthetic chemistries, biocontrols, paint and a sealant were evaluated for preventing fungal pathogen infection via pruning wounds. In four field trials conducted over two dormant seasons, sixteen pruning wound treatments were tested using hand-held spray applications, against five almond canker pathogens, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, Cytospora sorbicola, Ceratocystis destructans, and Eutypa lata. The fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) provided 82% overall disease prevention against four fungal pathogens. The biological control agent, Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec), tested at three application rates, resulted in 90 to 93% protection of pruning wounds in field trials, and for individual pathogens ranged from 81-100% protection for the three rates. At the time of this publication, Vintec is being considered for registration as a biological control product for the prevention of almond canker diseases, while Topsin M is recommended to growers for the prevention of almond canker diseases. This research indicates that effective protection of pruning wounds from infection by almond canker pathogens can be achieved with a one-time spray application of thiophanate-methyl or the biocontrol, T. atroviride SC1 (recommended 2 g/liter) after pruning.

scholarly journals Effects of Rootstock and Budding Height on Bacterial Canker in French Prune

Plant Disease ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Sayler ◽  
S. M. Southwick ◽  
J. T. Yeager ◽  
K. Glozer ◽  
E. L. Little ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Prunus Domestica ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Prunus Cerasifera ◽  
Disease Pressure

Bacterial canker is one of the most economically important diseases of stone fruit trees, including ‘French’ prune (Prunus domestica). Field trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of rootstock selection and budding height on the incidence and severity of bacterial canker in four orchards with low to high disease pressure. Treatments included French prune scions low-grafted on ‘Lovell’ peach (Prunus persica) rootstocks as well as Myrobalan 29C (Prunus cerasifera) plum rootstocks grafted at 15, 50, and 90 cm above the rootstock crown. Another treatment consisted of growing Myrobalan 29C plum rootstocks in the field for one growing season, then field-grafting French prune buds onto rootstock scaffolds. Lovell peach rootstock provided the greatest protection from bacterial canker as measured by disease incidence and tree mortality in all orchards. Field-budded rootstocks and rootstocks grafted at the highest budding height provided moderate levels of resistance to bacterial canker. These treatments reduced the incidence but not the severity of disease.

scholarly journals Resistance of Scots pine half-sib families to Heterobasidion annosum in progeny field trials

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adas Marčiulynas ◽  
Vaida Sirgedaitė-Šėžienė ◽  
Povilas Žemaitis ◽  
Āris Jansons ◽  
Virgilijus Baliuckas
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Plant Resistance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Sib Families

Five Scots pine ( L.) progeny field trials, each established in different Lithuanian regions of provenance in 1983, were studied. Each progeny field trial consists of 140 half-sib families from seven populations (20 families from each population). The evaluation was carried out in 2012 and 2018 to assess the families resistance to (Fr.) Bref. An index of resistance in the infected plots was calculated. To verify the accuracy of the method, total phenolic compounds (TPC) was chosen as key parameter to compare with the plant resistance index. During the six years between the two assessments, the percentage of living Scots pine trees in the progeny field trials decreased up to 20 percentage points (range: 4 p.p. to 20 p.p.). In 2018 the area of damaged plots (in percentage from total field trial area) varied from 17 to 27%. Tree mortality in the trial correlates with site soil fertility – more fertile soils were distinguished by higher tree percentage loss and . Using analysis from combined data of all progeny trials, the family variance component reached 13.3 ± 2.2% and family heritability was 0.81. Family heritability estimates for root rot resistance show possibilities of high breeding effectiveness. The correlations between the trials in family resistance estimates were negligible (ranging from 0 to 0.28). The significant high correlation coefficient was determined between the resistance index and TPC concentration ( = 0.77,  = 0.0003). This allows us to assume that plant resistance is directly linked on TPC synthesis. The results indicate that the chosen methods of chemical resistance for identification of root rot-resistant genotypes are applicable for the selection of Scots pine half-sib families in the field trials with higher resistance to pathogens.Pinus sylvestrisHeterobasidion annosumH. annosumvice versarp

scholarly journals Quercivorol as a lure for the polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers, Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), vectors of Fusarium dieback

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dodge ◽  
Jessica Coolidge ◽  
Miriam Cooperband ◽  
Allard Cossé ◽  
Daniel Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Tree Disease ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Fusarium Dieback

The polyphagous shot hole borer and Kuroshio shot hole borer, two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are invasive ambrosia beetles that harbor distinct species of Fusarium fungal symbionts. Together with the damage caused by gallery construction, these two phytopathogenic Fusarium species are responsible for the emerging tree disease Fusarium dieback, which affects over 50 common tree species in Southern California. Host trees suffer branch dieback as the xylem is blocked by invading beetles and fungi, forcing the costly removal of dead and dying trees in urban areas. The beetles are also threatening natural riparian habitats, and avocado is susceptible to Fusarium dieback as well, resulting in damage to the avocado industries in California and Israel. Currently there are no adequate control mechanisms for shot hole borers. This paper summarizes efforts to find a suitable lure to monitor shot hole borer invasions and dispersal. Field trials were conducted in two counties in Southern California over a span of two years. We find that the chemical quercivorol is highly attractive to these beetles, and perform subsequent field experiments attempting to optimize this lure. We also explore other methods of increasing trap catch and effects of other potential attractants, as well as the deterrents verbenone and piperitone.

Carbofuran Trials in a Red Pine Seed Orchard

1987 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Rush ◽  
Ronald P. Overton ◽  
Raymond P. Guries ◽  
David J. Hall ◽  
Robert S. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Seed Orchard ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Seed Orchards ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Seed Yields

Abstract Seed and cone insects can drastically reduce seed yields from pine seed orchards and consequently reduce the profitability of entire tree improvement programs. Liquid and granular formulations of carbofuran both controlled the eastern pine seedworm, the red pine coneworm, the webbing coneworm, and a cone resin midge in field trials at a red pine seed orchard in southern Wisconsin. Both formulations substantially reduced the frequency of insect attacks when applied at the rate of 0.8 oz of active ingredient per inch of tree diameter. The percent of cones attacked by insects declined from 96% in untreated trees to 32% in trees treated with granular carbofuran and 11% in trees treated with liquid carbofuran. Some phytotoxicity was noted on trees treated with liquid carbofuran; phytotoxicity was much less apparent on trees treated with the granular formulation. Label amendments have been made to allow the operational use of carbofuran in northern pine seed orchards, and this may make northern tree improvement programs more profitable. North. J. Appl. For. 4:177-180, Dec. 1987.

LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATIONS OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS IN AFRICA

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.X. Delgado ◽  
M.L. Lobo-Lima ◽  
C. Bradley ◽  
J.H. Britton ◽  
J.E. Henry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
High Mortality ◽  
Locusta Migratoria ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cape Verde ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Migratory Locust ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Laboratory Bioassays

AbstractTwo isolates of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, GHA and BF, were evaluated in Cape Verde in 1991 and 1992 for infectivity to the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss), and the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (Reiche and Fairmaire). Evaluations included laboratory bioassays and small-scale field trials. Laboratory bioassays evaluated five different formulations. Four of the formulations tested showed strong dose–response patterns and significantly higher mortality than the untreated control or carriers minus spores. All four formulations achieved high mortality levels when applied at economically feasible dose rates. The GHA and BF isolates, formulated in an oil carrier with an emulsifier, were equally infectious to migratory locust nymphs. Six different formulations of GHA were evaluated in field trials. Field trials evaluated both direct effects (treatment of field plots infested with O. senegalensis) and indirect effects (treatment of plots without grasshoppers, after which grasshoppers were introduced). In both cases, all six formulations showed good biocontrol potential. Grasshoppers exposed to treated plots up to 72 h after application exhibited comparatively high mortality levels, indicating that large numbers of spores remained viable in the field for at least 3 days. This was confirmed by analysis of the viability of conidia from vegetation samples obtained in the field following treatment. In open-plot, small-scale field trials, two different formulations (oil and clay-based) of GHA resulted in high rates of infection and approximately 45% reductions in grasshopper densities in the treated plots 7 days after application, even though density-reduction results were "diluted" by grasshopper migration into and out of the test plots. Results of the Cape Verde evaluations demonstrate that biopesticides developed from B. bassiana represent a promising alternative to chemical pesticides for grasshopper and locust control.

scholarly journals 37 Years of Forest Monitoring in Switzerland: Drought Effects on Fagus sylvatica

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Braun ◽  
Sven-Eric Hopf ◽  
Simon Tresch ◽  
Jan Remund ◽  
Christian Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Forest Monitoring ◽  
Deciduous Tree ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Crown Transparency ◽  
Foliar Phosphorus ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Drought Effects

European beech is one of the most important deciduous tree species in natural forest ecosystems in Central Europe. Its dominance is now being questioned by the emerging drought damages due to the increased incidence of severe summer droughts. In Switzerland, Fagus sylvatica have been observed in the Intercantonal Forest Observation Program since 1984. The dataset presented here includes 179176 annual observations of beech trees on 102 plots during 37 years. The plots cover gradients in drought, nitrogen deposition, ozone, age, altitude, and soil chemistry. In dry regions of Switzerland, the dry and hot summer of 2018 caused a serious branch dieback, increased mortality in Fagus sylvatica and increased yellowing of leaves. Beech trees recovered less after 2018 than after the dry summer 2003 which had been similar in drought intensity except that the drought in 2018 started earlier in spring. Our data analyses suggest the importance of drought in subsequent years for crown transparency and mortality in beech. The drought in 2018 followed previous dry years of 2015 and 2017 which pre-weakened the trees. Our long-term data indicate that the drought from up to three previous years were significant predictors for both tree mortality and for the proportion of trees with serious (>60%) crown transparency. The delay in mortality after the weakening event suggests also the importance of weakness parasites. The staining of active vessels with safranine revealed that the cavitation caused by the low tree water potentials in 2018 persisted at least partially in 2019. Thus, the ability of the branches to conduct water was reduced and the branches dried out. Furthermore, photooxidation in light-exposed leaves has increased strongly since 2011. This phenomenon was related to low concentrations of foliar phosphorus (P) and hot temperatures before leaf harvest. The observed drought effects can be categorized as (i) hydraulic failure (branch dieback), (ii) energy starvation as a consequence of closed stomata and P deficiency (photooxidation) and (iii) infestation with weakness parasites (beech bark disease and root rots).

scholarly journals Quercivorol as a lure for the polyphagous and Kuroshio shot hole borers, Euwallacea spp. nr. fornicatus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), vectors of Fusarium dieback

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Dodge ◽  
Jessica Coolidge ◽  
Miriam Cooperband ◽  
Allard Cossé ◽  
Daniel Carrillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Southern California ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Tree Disease ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Branch Dieback ◽  
Fusarium Dieback

The polyphagous shot hole borer and Kuroshio shot hole borer, two members of the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), are invasive ambrosia beetles that harbor distinct species of Fusarium fungal symbionts. Together with the damage caused by gallery construction, these two phytopathogenic Fusarium species are responsible for the emerging tree disease Fusarium dieback, which affects over 50 common tree species in Southern California. Host trees suffer branch dieback as the xylem is blocked by invading beetles and fungi, forcing the costly removal of dead and dying trees in urban areas. The beetles are also threatening natural riparian habitats, and avocado is susceptible to Fusarium dieback as well, resulting in damage to the avocado industries in California and Israel. Currently there are no adequate control mechanisms for shot hole borers. This paper summarizes efforts to find a suitable lure to monitor shot hole borer invasions and dispersal. Field trials were conducted in two counties in Southern California over a span of two years. We find that the chemical quercivorol is highly attractive to these beetles, and perform subsequent field experiments attempting to optimize this lure. We also explore other methods of increasing trap catch and effects of other potential attractants, as well as the deterrents verbenone and piperitone.

The effect of sudden aspen decline on understory microclimate and vegetation in southwestern Colorado

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 914-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Korb ◽  
S. Bombaci ◽  
R. Siegel
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Sudden Aspen Decline ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Branch Dieback

Sudden aspen decline (SAD), present in many parts of North America, is the sudden dieback of branches, crown loss, and rapid mortality of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.). We surveyed 21 plots in southwestern Colorado and categorized each plot by the mean percentage of recent crown loss (RCL) into three SAD levels: low SAD (0%–25% RCL), moderate SAD (25.1%–50% RCL), and high SAD (50.1%–100% RCL). Our research quantified the effects of SAD on microclimate and understory vegetation at the individual species and community level. Mean day surface, day subsurface, and night subsurface temperatures were warmer in high SAD stands than in low ones. High SAD stands had lower soil moisture, lower litter and duff depth, higher bare soil cover, higher photosynthetically active radiation, higher arbuscular mycorrhizal propagule densities, and higher grass biomass. Indicator plant species were uniquely associated with low and high SAD. Our study illustrates that SAD has multiple ecological effects on aspen understories, including a potential positive feedback in which warmer temperatures and decreased soil moisture, consequences of SAD, may lead to increased branch dieback and tree mortality, which would alter microclimate-making conditions more favorable to SAD and escalate the effects of SAD on understory vegetation.

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