Ecotypic mode of regional differentiation of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) due to restricted gene migration: further evidence from a field test on the northern coast of British Columbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Mike R. Carlson ◽  
Cheng C. Ying
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Gene Migration

Ecotypic mode of regional differentiation caused by restricted gene migration: a case in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) along the Pacific Northwest coast

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Yi Xie ◽  
Cheng C. Ying ◽  
Alvin D. Yanchuk ◽  
Diane L. Holowachuk
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Gene Migration ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Leaf Flushing

Genetic differentiation of black cottonwood ( Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa (Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook) Brayshaw) across a “no-cottonwood” belt on the coast of central British Columbia (BC), Canada, was examined using data on 3 year height, severity of infection by Valsa sordida Nitschke and Melampsora occidentalis H. Jacks., and abnormality of leaf flushing. The data were collected in a common-garden test consisting of 180 provenances of 36 drainages ranging from northern BC to Oregon, USA. The results demonstrated an ecotypic mode, north–south regional differentiation. Valsa sordida and M. occidentalis infected 41% and 89%, respectively, of the trees from the northern region, while 66% showed flushing abnormality. In contrast, only 1% and 27% of their southern counterparts were infected by the same diseases, and 1% had abnormal flushing. Trees from the northern region averaged 87% shorter than those from the south. Regional differentiation accounted for the highest amount of variation observed in all traits, with 60% in 3 year height, 34% in V. sordida, 76% in M. occidentalis, and 50% in abnormal leaf flushing. Regression analysis revealed geographic patterns that essentially reflected regional differentiation along the no-cottonwood belt. The species’ distribution biography, ecological characteristics, and life history suggest that restricted gene migration was the main factor responsible for the observed geographic patterns of genetic differentiation.

scholarly journals Influence of forest composition and age on habitat use by bats in southwestern British Columbia

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya M.J. Luszcz ◽  
Robert M.R. Barclay
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Forest Age ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Young Forests

Habitat use by bats in forests varies with environmental variables, clutter, and prey availability, but few studies have looked at habitat use as a function of forest composition and forest age across a range of elevations. We examined factors influencing habitat use of forest-dwelling bats in southwestern British Columbia using ultrasonic detection. We measured activity of three bat foraging guilds in four forest types and three age classes from May to August 2000 and 2001. Habitat use varied with forest composition and stand age, but not always as we predicted. Activity of open-habitat foragers (large bats) was greatest in higher elevation forests and in young forests. In contrast, activity of the long-eared myotis (Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864)), a gleaner, was greater in lower elevation black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray ex Hook.) and cedar–hemlock stands. Myotis evotis activity also increased with increasing forest age. Activity of edge and gap insectivores (genus Myotis Kaup, 1829) was greater in black cottonwood stands and old Interior Douglas-fir stands than in other forest types. The probability of detecting foraging Myotis was highest in black cottonwood stands. Myotis activity did not show a clear pattern with forest age. Our results demonstrate the importance of black cottonwood riparian forests to foraging Myotis, as well as the importance of older, low-elevation forests.

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

Organ culture with black cottonwood: morphogenetic response of female catkin primordia

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bawa ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Catkin

Female catkin primordia of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook.) were cultured for 70 days on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium in vitro. Explants 2–3 mm long, and with bud scales removed, gave the best results, many of them developing floral structures characteristic of the female sex. There was a general tendency to callus formation with increasing age of the culture, occasionally followed by a reversal to vegetative growth. Catkin primordia raised on Wolter's medium without auxin or kinetin, but with 6-benzylaminopurine, and at 250 ft-c for a 16-h photoperiod, proliferated axillary shoots in loco of pistils.

scholarly journals Preemergence Control of Black Cottonwood in Nursery Containers

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55
Author(s):  
James E. Altland
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Cottonwood Trees ◽  
Preemergence Herbicides

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to evaluate preemergence herbicides for control of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) in nursery containers. In 2006, granular preemergence herbicides were applied to recently filled, weed-free containers in May just prior to seed release from mature cottonwood trees. Flumioxazin provided the most effective cottonwood control, although control with isoxaben + trifluralin, oxyfluorfen + oryzalin, and pendimethalin was also effective. In 2007, containers were filled February 15, and herbicides were applied to separate groups of containers on February 22, March 14, April 16, and May 15. Containers were over-seeded with cottonwood for a 2-week period starting on May 16. Control with most herbicides improved as the date of application neared the date of seeding. Flumioxazin provided the most effective control throughout the experiment, but control from it also improved as the date of application neared the time of seeding.

Simulating Succession of Riparian Spruce Forests and White-Tailed Deer Carrying Capacity in Northwestern Montana

1987 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt J. Jenkins ◽  
R. Gerald Wright
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
Resource Monitoring ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Winter Range ◽  
Erosion Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
North Fork

Abstract Rates of succession were determined during the period 1945-80 in six floodplain plant communities along the North Fork of the Flathead River, Montana. A succession model was developed to forecast the long-range effects of land-use change on the carrying capacity of white-tailed deer winter range. The areas occupied by mature spruce (Picea englemannii x glauca hybrid) and spruce-black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) forests on the floodplain were relatively constant between 1945-1980. Early seral types were more variable due to short-term variations in river flow. Successional modelling demonstrated the effects of two timber harvesting strategies on white-tailed deer populations. Simulated populations declined following two timber harvesting schedules, but recovered after cessation of harvest. An additional application of the model showed the potential effects of increased erosion rates on deer populations and demonstrated the versatility of land succession models for resource monitoring. West. J. Appl. For. 2(3):80-83, July 1987

scholarly journals Association genetics of traits controlling lignin and cellulose biosynthesis in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, Salicaceae) secondary xylem

2010 ◽  
Vol 188 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill L. Wegrzyn ◽  
Andrew J. Eckert ◽  
Minyoung Choi ◽  
Jennifer M. Lee ◽  
Brian J. Stanton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Xylem ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Association Genetics ◽  
Cellulose Biosynthesis ◽  
Black Cottonwood

STUDIES IN FOREST PATHOLOGY: XI. DECAY IN BLACK COTTONWOOD IN THE MIDDLE FRASER REGION, BRITISH COLUMBIA

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Thomas ◽  
D. G. Podmore
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Infected Tree ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Low Probability

A study of decay of black cotton wood, Populus trichocarpa Torr. and Gray, revealed that, although 70 species of fungi caused decay, only six caused significant loss in living trees and that two of these, Polyporus delectans Peck and Pholiota destruens (Brand.) Quél., caused 92% of this loss. The sporophores and associated decays of certain of the fungi are described and their relative importance is indicated. Data on the relation of decay to tree age showed that, despite a high incidence of infection, the average volume of decay per infected tree was low. In general, decay proved important only to the recovery of specialty products such as plywood. A significant reduction of strength was found to occur in wood containing an early stage of decay caused by P. destruens. The practicability of segregating trees having a high or low probability of being decayed was demonstrated through the use of decay indicators.

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