Organ culture with black cottonwood: morphogenetic response of female catkin primordia

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 1627-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Bawa ◽  
R. F. Stettler
Keyword(s):  
Organ Culture ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Female Catkin

Female catkin primordia of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa T. & G. ex Hook.) were cultured for 70 days on a modified Murashige and Skoog's (1962) medium in vitro. Explants 2–3 mm long, and with bud scales removed, gave the best results, many of them developing floral structures characteristic of the female sex. There was a general tendency to callus formation with increasing age of the culture, occasionally followed by a reversal to vegetative growth. Catkin primordia raised on Wolter's medium without auxin or kinetin, but with 6-benzylaminopurine, and at 250 ft-c for a 16-h photoperiod, proliferated axillary shoots in loco of pistils.

scholarly journals A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Axel Schmidt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Tobias G Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Aromatic Compounds ◽  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Alternative Pathway ◽  
Gene Families ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
Oxidative Pathway

AbstractBenzenoids (C6–C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6–C3). The biosynthesis of C6–C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6–C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.

Positional differences in size, morphology, and in vitro performance of pea axillary buds

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Gould ◽  
E. G. Cutter ◽  
J. P. W. Young ◽  
W. A. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Nutrient Medium ◽  
Cotyledonary Node ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Axil ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Correlative Inhibition ◽  
In Vitro Performance

Numbers of buds within a leaf axil and of leaf primordia within a bud varied with node of insertion, both in intact pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings and in cultured axillary shoots. Normally one or more nodes bore no visible buds. At the higher nodes naked buds and aberrant forms were observed. Shoots dissected from the embryo bore five or six leaf primordia and buds were present at the cotyledonary node and at three nodes immediately above. Benzylaminopurine in the nutrient medium promoted vegetative growth of cultured shoots. The height and extent of proliferation of cultured shoots varied both with the parental node from which explants were derived and with benzylaminopurine concentration. Results are discussed in relation to correlative inhibition.

Isolation and axenic culture of poplar rust

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 2228-2229 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. David Lane ◽  
Michael Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Populus Trichocarpa ◽  
Axenic Culture ◽  
Fresh Medium ◽  
Black Cottonwood ◽  
First Report ◽  
Development In Vitro

Surface-sterilized leaf pieces of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) leaves centered on uredial infections of Melampsora occidentalis Pers. were placed, pustule side up, on a defined, agar-based medium. After 4 months the fungus became established on the medium. Axenic colonies, some of which produced urediospores, were established by transfer to fresh medium and were capable of reinfecting excised leaf pieces of the host. The technique bypasses germling development in vitro. This is the first report of the axenic culture of Melampsora occidentalis.

scholarly journals Effect of cytokinin and cultivar on shoot formation of Gerbera jamesonii in vitro.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L.M. Pierik ◽  
H.H.M. Steegmans ◽  
J.A.M. Verhaegh ◽  
A.N. Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Clonal Propagation ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Gerbera Jamesonii ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Cytokinin Level ◽  
Leaf Weight ◽  
Axillary Branching

The success of gerbera clonal propagation in vitro, using either capitulum explants or subcultured shoots in trials with up to 28 cvs, depended both on the cv. and on the cytokinin level in the medium. With capitulum explants, shoot formation was very low for some cvs regardless of the level of BA (5, 10 or 20 mg/l) whereas other cvs had individual optimum BA levels. Axillary branching of subcultured shoots differed between cvs and between levels of kinetin (1, 5 or 10 mg/l) in the medium. The optimum level for the highest quality shoots (highest leaf weight/shoot, no leaf malformation and no callus formation) was not always the same as the level producing the highest number of axillary shoots. Results are tabulated for each cv. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals Ex situ potential conservation of ipecacuanha (Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes.), a critically endangered medicinal plant species

2017 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 598-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aura Ines Urrea Trujillo ◽  
Catalina Botero Giraldo ◽  
Esther Julia Naranjo Gòmez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Axillary Shoots

P. ipecacuanha is a medicinal plant endangered in Colombia, due to the indiscriminate exploitation suffered several decades ago for its therapeutic importance. Its great medicinal value is due to emetine production and its derivatives, approached in the roots. Given these concerns, the aim of this research was to evaluate different parameters for in vitro conservation of P. ipecacuanha due to limited plant growth, using as in vitro explants plant nodes. In fact, plant growth response to 18, 23 and 25°C with and without addition to MS basal culture medium 15 and 30 gL-1 of mannitol osmotic regulator was evaluated. Registration of plant survival data (%), plant height (cm), plant development of axillary shoots, number of leaves, callus formation and vigour of developed buds and was initially performed at 3 months and then every two months until 12 months. The explants conserved for 9 months in culture medium without mannitol osmotic regulator and temperature of 18°C, showed response after transferring and reculturing in recovery culture medium for 6-8 weeks, this process had not achieved any effect on plant growth and vigour in the recovery phase. In addition, the critical parameters in the acclimatization process were determined.   

scholarly journals Preliminary study on in vitro shoot culture of Hibiscus coddii subsp. barnardii, an indigenous South African flowering plant

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-416
Author(s):  
Helena Jacoba du Plessis ◽  
Roumiana Vassileva Nikolova ◽  
Bronwyn Anne Egan ◽  
Riana Kleynhans
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Shoot Culture ◽  
Shoot Multiplication ◽  
In Vitro Cultures ◽  
Flowering Plant ◽  
Ms Medium ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Short Shoots

Abstract In vivo and in vitro grown plants of Hibiscus coddii subsp. barnardii were used as explant source for establishment of in vitro cultures. Nodal shoot explants derived from in vivo grown plants, both naturally and under controlled environmental conditions, showed high sensitivity to the surface disinfection treatment and poor survival in in vitro culture. In vitro grown seedlings proved successful as aseptic source of apical and basal shoot explants to establish contamination-free in vitro cultures. Sprouting of axillary buds was observed on 90% of apical shoot explants after four weeks of culture on full strength, plant growth regulator (PGR)-free Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. However, further proliferation of short shoots, limited to the bud sprout at the explant base, occurred on only 50% of these explants. In contrast, all basal shoot explants attained 3-5 single primary axillary shoots (30-40 mm in length) while a clump of short (5-10 mm) shoots also formed at the base in 60% of these explants. In both explant types, addition of 0.25-1 mg L-1 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) to the MS medium resulted in a low frequency (10%-60%) of explants with short shoots (5-10 mm) that showed no further elongation. Moreover, explants cultured in the presence of BAP showed a high frequency of callus formation (up to 90%) and low survival (20%-60%). A lower frequency of callus formation (30%-40%) and higher survival (90%-100%) of both explant types occurred on BAP-free medium. Further subculturing of primary and secondary axillary shoots onto fresh MS medium (with and without BAP) did not improve shoot multiplication. Regenerated plantlets from PGR-free MS medium were successfully acclimatized and hardened-off.

IN VITRO METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL FUNCTIONS TO SECRETE GONADOTROPHIN

1971 ◽  
Vol 68 (1_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S27-S40 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kobayashi ◽  
T. Kigawa ◽  
M. Mizuno ◽  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Organ Culture ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Cell Sheet ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hypothalamic Extract ◽  
Numerous Cell ◽  
Single Cell Culture ◽  
Almost All

ABSTRACT There are several in vitro methods to analyse the function of the adenohypophysis or the mechanisms of its regulation. The present paper deals with single cell culture, organ culture and short term incubation techniques by which the morphology and gonadotrophin-secreting function of the adenohypophysis were studied. In trypsin-dispersed cell culture, the adenohypophysial cells showed extensive propagation to form numerous cell colonies and finally develop into a confluent monolayer cell sheet covering completely the surface of culture vessels. Almost all of the cultured cells, however, became chromophobic, at least at the end of the first week of cultivation, when gonadotrophin was detectable neither in the culture medium nor in the cells themselves. After the addition of the hypothalamic extract, gonadotrophin became detectable again, and basophilic or PAS-positive granules also reappeared within the cells, suggesting that the gonadotrophs were stimulated by the extract to produce gonadotrophin. In organ culture and short term incubation, the incorporation of [3H] leucine into the adenohypophysial cells in relation to the addition of hypothalamic extract was examined. It was obvious that the ability to incorporate [3H] leucine into the gonadotrophs in vitro was highly dependent upon the presence of the hypothalamic extract.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE REGENERATION OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120G-1120
Author(s):  
J. L. Jacobs ◽  
C. T. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Silver Nitrate ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Regeneration System ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Leaf Differentiation ◽  
Whole Plants

Several growth hormone combinations and silver nitrate concentrations were examined for their effect on regeneration of different pepper genotypes. Primary leaf explants from in vitro seedlings were cultured on a revised Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with auxin, cytokinin and 1.6% glucose. Combinations of different concentrations of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), 0-5 mg/l, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0-5 mg/l, were tested to determine the most effective medium for shoot primordium formation. Experiments with IAA and BAP did not result in a specific growth hormone combination appropriate for regeneration of all genotypes tested. Of the silver nitrate concentrations tested, 10 mg/l resulted in the best shoot and leaf differentiation and reduced callus formation. Differences in organogenic response of individual genotypes were evaluated on a single regeneration medium. Whole plants were regenerated from 11 of 63 genotypes examined. Based on these experiments, a reproducible regeneration system for pepper was developed with a total of 500 plants regenerated to date.

Utilization of Different Seedling Explants for in Vitro Propagation of Hibiscus syriacus

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 478e-479
Author(s):  
M.M. Jenderek ◽  
A.J. Olney
Keyword(s):  
Callus Formation ◽  
Adventitious Bud ◽  
Root Explants ◽  
Petiole Explants ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Hypocotyl Explants ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Adventitious Bud Formation ◽  
Hibiscus Syriacus

Hibiscus syriacus is a difficult species in micropropagation due to its endogenous contamination and recalcitrant shoot formation; therefore, studies on using explants other than shoot tip or axillary buds of growing shrubs were initiated. Three different seedling fragments (root, hypocotyl, and leaf petiole) from aseptically germinated seedlings of hibiscus (var. Aphrodite) were evaluated for adventitious bud formation, shoot and leaf development. The explants were cultured on McCown's woody plant basal salt medium supplemented with KNO3 (800 mg/L), adenine sulfate (80 mg/L) and MS vitamins containing BA or 2iP or TDZ at 0.5, 1.0, 2.2, 4.4 and 10 mM. Adventitious buds were present on all of the three different explants grown on medium containing TDZ; however, the most abundant bud formation, with many small leaves originating from callus was observed on hypocotyl explants cultured on medium with 1 mM of TDZ. Petiole explants were the most frequent to develop short shoots (≈15 mm) and one to nine leaves without callus formation, where 70% of hypocotyl and the root explants formed leaves originating from callus. Callus was induced on all explant types regardless of the level or type of cytokinin used. However, the number of shoots produced by any explant type was low, petioles cultured on 0.5 and 1mM of TDZ were the most suitable material for non-callus shoot development in H. syriacus. Hypocotyl explants proved to be an excellent source for adventitious bud formation but their ability to develop shoots needs to be investigated.

scholarly journals Somaclonal variation on in vitro callus culture potato cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia N. Bordallo ◽  
Derly H. Silva ◽  
José Maria ◽  
Cosme D. Cruz ◽  
Elizabeth P. Fontes
Keyword(s):  
Somaclonal Variation ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Callus Formation ◽  
Potato Cultivars ◽  
Synthetic Seed ◽  
Arbitrary Sequence ◽  
Stem Explants ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
High Level

Synthetic seeds can be an alternative for those species in which botanical seeds are not viable. One of the major problems of in vitro plant cultivation is the high level of somaclonal variation. The most common factors affecting somaclonal variation are genotype, explant source, in vitro period and cultivation conditions in which the culture is established. In this work, calli were induced using leaf and stem explants of the commercial potato cultivars Achat, Baraka, Baronesa, Bintje, and Contenda in MS culture media supplemented with 1.65 mM of picloram and 11.5 mM of 2,4-D. Seventy and 90 days after induction, DNA samples of 40 calli were compared concerning the effects of the two explant (leaf and stem) and two growth regulator sources on five potatoes cultivars. A total of 20 arbitrary sequence primers were evaluated. The RAPD pattern generated by these primers suggested a high percentage of polymorphic fragments among the five genotypes, indicating a high level of genetic variation among cultivars. Cultivar Baronesa showed the highest number of polymorphic fragments for all treatments. The cultivar Contenda showed the smallest somaclonal variation, for most of the treatments, except for the treatment which consisted of stem explants, picloram (1.65 mM) application, and a 70-day period of callus formation. 'Contenda' is, therefore, the most suitable cultivar for synthetic seed production.

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